A recent study published in the journal Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism has some very exciting findings in the fight against memory loss and dementia.The World Health organization (WHO) says that around 50 million people worldwide have dementia. Currently, there’s no treatment or cure for dementia or even a way to alter its progression. That makes preventative treatments even more exciting.Thankfully, numerous new treatments are being investigated, which are at various stages of clinical trials.So it’s not all doom and gloom.

Although there is no cure, there are several things that can be done to support and improve the lives of individuals who have dementia, including:early diagnosis in order to promote early and optimal management; optimizing physical health, cognition, activity and well-being；identifying and treating accompanying physical illness;detecting and treating challenging behavioral and psychological symptoms；providing information and long-term support to carers.

And movement and exercise play a role in brain health.Exercise affects the brain in many ways.To start with, exercise generally increases your heart rate, which in turn pumps more oxygen to the brain.Exercise aids the release of hormones, which provide an excellent environment for the growth of new brain cells.Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain.Research from UCLA even demonstrated that exercise increased growth factors in the brain, which makes it easier for the brain to grow new neuronal connections.

While researchers are still trying to determine the exact critical factors that make exercise so good for the brain,the focus seems to be narrowing in on increased blood flow to the brain, surges of growth hormones, and massive expansion of the brain’s network of blood vessels.

Canadian researchers at McMaster University examined the impact of exercise on the brain.Their new study suggests that the intensity at which we get more movement and exercise in our lives is critical.In their research, they found that seniors who exercised using "short bursts of activity" saw an improvement of up to 30 percent in their memory performance, while participants who worked out at a steady-state, moderate level saw no improvement.

Jennifer Heisz, the lead author of the study, quoted in Science Daily, says, "There is urgent need for interventions that reduce dementia risk in healthy older adults.This work will help to inform the public on exercise prescriptions for brain health, so they know exactly what types of exercises boost memory and keep dementia at bay."

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ______.

A recent study published in the journal Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism has some very exciting findings in the fight against memory loss and dementia.The World Health organization (WHO) says that around 50 million people worldwide have dementia. Currently, there’s no treatment or cure for dementia or even a way to alter its progression. That makes preventative treatments even more exciting.Thankfully, numerous new treatments are being investigated, which are at various stages of clinical trials.So it’s not all doom and gloom.

Although there is no cure, there are several things that can be done to support and improve the lives of individuals who have dementia, including:early diagnosis in order to promote early and optimal management; optimizing physical health, cognition, activity and well-being；identifying and treating accompanying physical illness;detecting and treating challenging behavioral and psychological symptoms；providing information and long-term support to carers.

And movement and exercise play a role in brain health.Exercise affects the brain in many ways.To start with, exercise generally increases your heart rate, which in turn pumps more oxygen to the brain.Exercise aids the release of hormones, which provide an excellent environment for the growth of new brain cells.Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain.Research from UCLA even demonstrated that exercise increased growth factors in the brain, which makes it easier for the brain to grow new neuronal connections.

While researchers are still trying to determine the exact critical factors that make exercise so good for the brain,the focus seems to be narrowing in on increased blood flow to the brain, surges of growth hormones, and massive expansion of the brain’s network of blood vessels.

Canadian researchers at McMaster University examined the impact of exercise on the brain.Their new study suggests that the intensity at which we get more movement and exercise in our lives is critical.In their research, they found that seniors who exercised using "short bursts of activity" saw an improvement of up to 30 percent in their memory performance, while participants who worked out at a steady-state, moderate level saw no improvement.

Jennifer Heisz, the lead author of the study, quoted in Science Daily, says, "There is urgent need for interventions that reduce dementia risk in healthy older adults.This work will help to inform the public on exercise prescriptions for brain health, so they know exactly what types of exercises boost memory and keep dementia at bay."

The phrase "doom and gloom"(Line 7, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ______.

A recent study published in the journal Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism has some very exciting findings in the fight against memory loss and dementia.The World Health organization (WHO) says that around 50 million people worldwide have dementia. Currently, there’s no treatment or cure for dementia or even a way to alter its progression. That makes preventative treatments even more exciting.Thankfully, numerous new treatments are being investigated, which are at various stages of clinical trials.So it’s not all doom and gloom.

Although there is no cure, there are several things that can be done to support and improve the lives of individuals who have dementia, including:early diagnosis in order to promote early and optimal management; optimizing physical health, cognition, activity and well-being；identifying and treating accompanying physical illness;detecting and treating challenging behavioral and psychological symptoms；providing information and long-term support to carers.

And movement and exercise play a role in brain health.Exercise affects the brain in many ways.To start with, exercise generally increases your heart rate, which in turn pumps more oxygen to the brain.Exercise aids the release of hormones, which provide an excellent environment for the growth of new brain cells.Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain.Research from UCLA even demonstrated that exercise increased growth factors in the brain, which makes it easier for the brain to grow new neuronal connections.

While researchers are still trying to determine the exact critical factors that make exercise so good for the brain,the focus seems to be narrowing in on increased blood flow to the brain, surges of growth hormones, and massive expansion of the brain’s network of blood vessels.

Canadian researchers at McMaster University examined the impact of exercise on the brain.Their new study suggests that the intensity at which we get more movement and exercise in our lives is critical.In their research, they found that seniors who exercised using "short bursts of activity" saw an improvement of up to 30 percent in their memory performance, while participants who worked out at a steady-state, moderate level saw no improvement.

Jennifer Heisz, the lead author of the study, quoted in Science Daily, says, "There is urgent need for interventions that reduce dementia risk in healthy older adults.This work will help to inform the public on exercise prescriptions for brain health, so they know exactly what types of exercises boost memory and keep dementia at bay."

Which of the following measures is said to help those with dementia?

A recent study published in the journal Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism has some very exciting findings in the fight against memory loss and dementia.The World Health organization (WHO) says that around 50 million people worldwide have dementia. Currently, there’s no treatment or cure for dementia or even a way to alter its progression. That makes preventative treatments even more exciting.Thankfully, numerous new treatments are being investigated, which are at various stages of clinical trials.So it’s not all doom and gloom.

Although there is no cure, there are several things that can be done to support and improve the lives of individuals who have dementia, including:early diagnosis in order to promote early and optimal management; optimizing physical health, cognition, activity and well-being；identifying and treating accompanying physical illness;detecting and treating challenging behavioral and psychological symptoms；providing information and long-term support to carers.

And movement and exercise play a role in brain health.Exercise affects the brain in many ways.To start with, exercise generally increases your heart rate, which in turn pumps more oxygen to the brain.Exercise aids the release of hormones, which provide an excellent environment for the growth of new brain cells.Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain.Research from UCLA even demonstrated that exercise increased growth factors in the brain, which makes it easier for the brain to grow new neuronal connections.

While researchers are still trying to determine the exact critical factors that make exercise so good for the brain,the focus seems to be narrowing in on increased blood flow to the brain, surges of growth hormones, and massive expansion of the brain’s network of blood vessels.

Canadian researchers at McMaster University examined the impact of exercise on the brain.Their new study suggests that the intensity at which we get more movement and exercise in our lives is critical.In their research, they found that seniors who exercised using "short bursts of activity" saw an improvement of up to 30 percent in their memory performance, while participants who worked out at a steady-state, moderate level saw no improvement.

Jennifer Heisz, the lead author of the study, quoted in Science Daily, says, "There is urgent need for interventions that reduce dementia risk in healthy older adults.This work will help to inform the public on exercise prescriptions for brain health, so they know exactly what types of exercises boost memory and keep dementia at bay."

Why does the author say exercise is beneficial to brain health?

A recent study published in the journal Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism has some very exciting findings in the fight against memory loss and dementia.The World Health organization (WHO) says that around 50 million people worldwide have dementia. Currently, there’s no treatment or cure for dementia or even a way to alter its progression. That makes preventative treatments even more exciting.Thankfully, numerous new treatments are being investigated, which are at various stages of clinical trials.So it’s not all doom and gloom.

Although there is no cure, there are several things that can be done to support and improve the lives of individuals who have dementia, including:early diagnosis in order to promote early and optimal management; optimizing physical health, cognition, activity and well-being；identifying and treating accompanying physical illness;detecting and treating challenging behavioral and psychological symptoms；providing information and long-term support to carers.

And movement and exercise play a role in brain health.Exercise affects the brain in many ways.To start with, exercise generally increases your heart rate, which in turn pumps more oxygen to the brain.Exercise aids the release of hormones, which provide an excellent environment for the growth of new brain cells.Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain.Research from UCLA even demonstrated that exercise increased growth factors in the brain, which makes it easier for the brain to grow new neuronal connections.

While researchers are still trying to determine the exact critical factors that make exercise so good for the brain,the focus seems to be narrowing in on increased blood flow to the brain, surges of growth hormones, and massive expansion of the brain’s network of blood vessels.

Canadian researchers at McMaster University examined the impact of exercise on the brain.Their new study suggests that the intensity at which we get more movement and exercise in our lives is critical.In their research, they found that seniors who exercised using "short bursts of activity" saw an improvement of up to 30 percent in their memory performance, while participants who worked out at a steady-state, moderate level saw no improvement.

Jennifer Heisz, the lead author of the study, quoted in Science Daily, says, "There is urgent need for interventions that reduce dementia risk in healthy older adults.This work will help to inform the public on exercise prescriptions for brain health, so they know exactly what types of exercises boost memory and keep dementia at bay."

According to Paragraph 5, what types of exercises could boost seniors’ memory?

When an earthquake hits or a volcano erupts, scientists traditionally record the shaking using a specially designed instrument called a seismometer.These sensors are extremely sensitive, but they’re also expensive and distributed unevenly around the world.So scientists are working on another strategy to monitor earthquakes：using fiber-optic cables—like the ones that form the backbone of the Internet.

"So the motions are very clear.Specifically,you can see the arrival of different bits of the seismic energy from the location at which the earthquake occurred.So the p wave and the s wave, and the different phases that move out from the site of rupture in the earth, are used by seismologists to locate the event.And so we can detect the important pieces of information above the noise using the fiber-optic cable and then, in that way,the fiber-optic measurement is just as good as a seismometer." Said Nate Lindsey, a PhD student and seismologist at the University of California,Berkeley.

Here’s how it works:the scientists basically take a snapshot of the fiber by shining a laser down it and measuring the photons that bounce back after scattering off of small cracks and impurities in the glass.By doing this tens of thousands of times a second, the researchers can record how the cable deforms as seismic waves pass through it.

So far, Lindsey’s team has tested the technique in optical fibers they installed themselves in Fairbanks, Alaska, and around the Bay Area.They got promising results.But their ultimate goal is to capitalize on the vast network of unused cables—known as dark fiber—that’s already been installed by telecommunications providers for future use.Dark fiber covers much of the country, and stretches across the ocean basins—which are hard to study using traditional seismometers.

"To put the same sensor near a volcano that occurs offshore requires infrastructure to deploy the sensor, like a big boat.It also requires a tethered cable, a battery.The sensor has to be waterproof,obviously.It’s also very corrosive underneath the ocean, and so there’s been a limitation of our ability to study offshore volcanoes.Similar faults.Earthquake processes are understood based on faults that are on land."

Offshore cables could also improve earthquake early warning systems in places like the Pacific Northwest, where big, dangerous earthquakes actually occur under the ocean."We can record that earthquake more quickly and then provide a warning that much quicker.So it might be a second or two seconds more that this fiber-optic technology provides."

If the technique proves reliable, Lindsey says it could usher in a whole new way of studying earthquakes and volcanoes.All that dark fiber may shed light on the Earth beneath our feet.

Why are scientists trying to use fiber-optic cables to monitor earthquakes?

When an earthquake hits or a volcano erupts, scientists traditionally record the shaking using a specially designed instrument called a seismometer.These sensors are extremely sensitive, but they’re also expensive and distributed unevenly around the world.So scientists are working on another strategy to monitor earthquakes：using fiber-optic cables—like the ones that form the backbone of the Internet.

"So the motions are very clear.Specifically,you can see the arrival of different bits of the seismic energy from the location at which the earthquake occurred.So the p wave and the s wave, and the different phases that move out from the site of rupture in the earth, are used by seismologists to locate the event.And so we can detect the important pieces of information above the noise using the fiber-optic cable and then, in that way,the fiber-optic measurement is just as good as a seismometer." Said Nate Lindsey, a PhD student and seismologist at the University of California,Berkeley.

Here’s how it works:the scientists basically take a snapshot of the fiber by shining a laser down it and measuring the photons that bounce back after scattering off of small cracks and impurities in the glass.By doing this tens of thousands of times a second, the researchers can record how the cable deforms as seismic waves pass through it.

So far, Lindsey’s team has tested the technique in optical fibers they installed themselves in Fairbanks, Alaska, and around the Bay Area.They got promising results.But their ultimate goal is to capitalize on the vast network of unused cables—known as dark fiber—that’s already been installed by telecommunications providers for future use.Dark fiber covers much of the country, and stretches across the ocean basins—which are hard to study using traditional seismometers.

"To put the same sensor near a volcano that occurs offshore requires infrastructure to deploy the sensor, like a big boat.It also requires a tethered cable, a battery.The sensor has to be waterproof,obviously.It’s also very corrosive underneath the ocean, and so there’s been a limitation of our ability to study offshore volcanoes.Similar faults.Earthquake processes are understood based on faults that are on land."

Offshore cables could also improve earthquake early warning systems in places like the Pacific Northwest, where big, dangerous earthquakes actually occur under the ocean."We can record that earthquake more quickly and then provide a warning that much quicker.So it might be a second or two seconds more that this fiber-optic technology provides."

If the technique proves reliable, Lindsey says it could usher in a whole new way of studying earthquakes and volcanoes.All that dark fiber may shed light on the Earth beneath our feet.

In Paragraph 2, the author mainly discusses______.

When an earthquake hits or a volcano erupts, scientists traditionally record the shaking using a specially designed instrument called a seismometer.These sensors are extremely sensitive, but they’re also expensive and distributed unevenly around the world.So scientists are working on another strategy to monitor earthquakes：using fiber-optic cables—like the ones that form the backbone of the Internet.

"So the motions are very clear.Specifically,you can see the arrival of different bits of the seismic energy from the location at which the earthquake occurred.So the p wave and the s wave, and the different phases that move out from the site of rupture in the earth, are used by seismologists to locate the event.And so we can detect the important pieces of information above the noise using the fiber-optic cable and then, in that way,the fiber-optic measurement is just as good as a seismometer." Said Nate Lindsey, a PhD student and seismologist at the University of California,Berkeley.

Here’s how it works:the scientists basically take a snapshot of the fiber by shining a laser down it and measuring the photons that bounce back after scattering off of small cracks and impurities in the glass.By doing this tens of thousands of times a second, the researchers can record how the cable deforms as seismic waves pass through it.

So far, Lindsey’s team has tested the technique in optical fibers they installed themselves in Fairbanks, Alaska, and around the Bay Area.They got promising results.But their ultimate goal is to capitalize on the vast network of unused cables—known as dark fiber—that’s already been installed by telecommunications providers for future use.Dark fiber covers much of the country, and stretches across the ocean basins—which are hard to study using traditional seismometers.

"To put the same sensor near a volcano that occurs offshore requires infrastructure to deploy the sensor, like a big boat.It also requires a tethered cable, a battery.The sensor has to be waterproof,obviously.It’s also very corrosive underneath the ocean, and so there’s been a limitation of our ability to study offshore volcanoes.Similar faults.Earthquake processes are understood based on faults that are on land."

Offshore cables could also improve earthquake early warning systems in places like the Pacific Northwest, where big, dangerous earthquakes actually occur under the ocean."We can record that earthquake more quickly and then provide a warning that much quicker.So it might be a second or two seconds more that this fiber-optic technology provides."

If the technique proves reliable, Lindsey says it could usher in a whole new way of studying earthquakes and volcanoes.All that dark fiber may shed light on the Earth beneath our feet.

What is the advantage of dark fiber over traditional seismometers in terms of monitoring earthquakes?

When an earthquake hits or a volcano erupts, scientists traditionally record the shaking using a specially designed instrument called a seismometer.These sensors are extremely sensitive, but they’re also expensive and distributed unevenly around the world.So scientists are working on another strategy to monitor earthquakes：using fiber-optic cables—like the ones that form the backbone of the Internet.

"So the motions are very clear.Specifically,you can see the arrival of different bits of the seismic energy from the location at which the earthquake occurred.So the p wave and the s wave, and the different phases that move out from the site of rupture in the earth, are used by seismologists to locate the event.And so we can detect the important pieces of information above the noise using the fiber-optic cable and then, in that way,the fiber-optic measurement is just as good as a seismometer." Said Nate Lindsey, a PhD student and seismologist at the University of California,Berkeley.

Here’s how it works:the scientists basically take a snapshot of the fiber by shining a laser down it and measuring the photons that bounce back after scattering off of small cracks and impurities in the glass.By doing this tens of thousands of times a second, the researchers can record how the cable deforms as seismic waves pass through it.

So far, Lindsey’s team has tested the technique in optical fibers they installed themselves in Fairbanks, Alaska, and around the Bay Area.They got promising results.But their ultimate goal is to capitalize on the vast network of unused cables—known as dark fiber—that’s already been installed by telecommunications providers for future use.Dark fiber covers much of the country, and stretches across the ocean basins—which are hard to study using traditional seismometers.

"To put the same sensor near a volcano that occurs offshore requires infrastructure to deploy the sensor, like a big boat.It also requires a tethered cable, a battery.The sensor has to be waterproof,obviously.It’s also very corrosive underneath the ocean, and so there’s been a limitation of our ability to study offshore volcanoes.Similar faults.Earthquake processes are understood based on faults that are on land."

Offshore cables could also improve earthquake early warning systems in places like the Pacific Northwest, where big, dangerous earthquakes actually occur under the ocean."We can record that earthquake more quickly and then provide a warning that much quicker.So it might be a second or two seconds more that this fiber-optic technology provides."

If the technique proves reliable, Lindsey says it could usher in a whole new way of studying earthquakes and volcanoes.All that dark fiber may shed light on the Earth beneath our feet.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that Lindsey’s team’s difficulty in studying offshore volcanoes lies in that______.

When an earthquake hits or a volcano erupts, scientists traditionally record the shaking using a specially designed instrument called a seismometer.These sensors are extremely sensitive, but they’re also expensive and distributed unevenly around the world.So scientists are working on another strategy to monitor earthquakes：using fiber-optic cables—like the ones that form the backbone of the Internet.

"So the motions are very clear.Specifically,you can see the arrival of different bits of the seismic energy from the location at which the earthquake occurred.So the p wave and the s wave, and the different phases that move out from the site of rupture in the earth, are used by seismologists to locate the event.And so we can detect the important pieces of information above the noise using the fiber-optic cable and then, in that way,the fiber-optic measurement is just as good as a seismometer." Said Nate Lindsey, a PhD student and seismologist at the University of California,Berkeley.

Here’s how it works:the scientists basically take a snapshot of the fiber by shining a laser down it and measuring the photons that bounce back after scattering off of small cracks and impurities in the glass.By doing this tens of thousands of times a second, the researchers can record how the cable deforms as seismic waves pass through it.

So far, Lindsey’s team has tested the technique in optical fibers they installed themselves in Fairbanks, Alaska, and around the Bay Area.They got promising results.But their ultimate goal is to capitalize on the vast network of unused cables—known as dark fiber—that’s already been installed by telecommunications providers for future use.Dark fiber covers much of the country, and stretches across the ocean basins—which are hard to study using traditional seismometers.

"To put the same sensor near a volcano that occurs offshore requires infrastructure to deploy the sensor, like a big boat.It also requires a tethered cable, a battery.The sensor has to be waterproof,obviously.It’s also very corrosive underneath the ocean, and so there’s been a limitation of our ability to study offshore volcanoes.Similar faults.Earthquake processes are understood based on faults that are on land."

Offshore cables could also improve earthquake early warning systems in places like the Pacific Northwest, where big, dangerous earthquakes actually occur under the ocean."We can record that earthquake more quickly and then provide a warning that much quicker.So it might be a second or two seconds more that this fiber-optic technology provides."

If the technique proves reliable, Lindsey says it could usher in a whole new way of studying earthquakes and volcanoes.All that dark fiber may shed light on the Earth beneath our feet.

An appropriate title for this text is most likely to be______.

Scientists sent patterns of electricity coursing across people’s brains, coaxing their brains to see letters that weren’t there.The experiment worked in participants who had lost their sight in adulthood, according to the study published in the journal Cell by neuroscientist Michael Beauchamp and neurosurgeon Dr.Daniel Yoshor, both at the Baylor College of Medicine.

Known as artificial visual devices, the implants were placed on the visual cortex—a brain region that processes incoming information from the eyes—and then stimulated in a pattern to "trace" out shapes that the participants could then "see." The study authors crafted the letters by stimulating the brain with electrical currents, causing it to generate so-called phosphenes—tiny spots of light that people sometimes perceive without any actual light entering their eyes, unlike when light bounces off an object in the room and enters your eyes.

The team laid an array of electrodes over the region of the brain known as V1, where information from the eyes gets transmitted for early processing.V1 works like a map, where different regions of the map correspond to the different zones of our visual field.The authors found that, if they activated one electrode at a time, participants reliably saw a phosphene appear in its predicted zone.But if multiple electrodes came online simultaneously, the individual phosphenes still appeared but did not come together as coherent shapes.So the authors hypothesized that by "sweeping an electrical current across" several electrodes, they could trace patterns onto the surface of the brain and thus generate recognizable shapes.

"The brain is uniquely tuned to detect changes in our environment, and the organ should track a pattern of phosphenes presented one after the other," the authors said.With this assumption,they generated phosphenes between the locations of two separate electrodes,thus connecting the dots between them, and, surprisingly, the study participants could see the traced shapes and accurately recreate them on a touch screen.When participants in the study began seeing letters form in their minds’ eyes, "I think they were at least as excited as we were, probably more!" Beauchamp and Yoshor said.

In the future, "these electrodes maybe designed to penetrate the cortex so that the electrode tips are closer to the neurons that lie several hundred microns below the cortical surface," they added."For certain patients, however, surface electrodes may work best, depending on the risks associated with implanting electrodes deeper in their brains," Yoshor said, "There are so many different causes of blindness that some patients may benefit most from deeply implanted electrodes,others from surface electrodes and still others from devices implanted directly into the retinas, which only require eye surgery to implant."

According to the first two paragraphs, how does the artificial visual device work?

Scientists sent patterns of electricity coursing across people’s brains, coaxing their brains to see letters that weren’t there.The experiment worked in participants who had lost their sight in adulthood, according to the study published in the journal Cell by neuroscientist Michael Beauchamp and neurosurgeon Dr.Daniel Yoshor, both at the Baylor College of Medicine.

Known as artificial visual devices, the implants were placed on the visual cortex—a brain region that processes incoming information from the eyes—and then stimulated in a pattern to "trace" out shapes that the participants could then "see." The study authors crafted the letters by stimulating the brain with electrical currents, causing it to generate so-called phosphenes—tiny spots of light that people sometimes perceive without any actual light entering their eyes, unlike when light bounces off an object in the room and enters your eyes.

The team laid an array of electrodes over the region of the brain known as V1, where information from the eyes gets transmitted for early processing.V1 works like a map, where different regions of the map correspond to the different zones of our visual field.The authors found that, if they activated one electrode at a time, participants reliably saw a phosphene appear in its predicted zone.But if multiple electrodes came online simultaneously, the individual phosphenes still appeared but did not come together as coherent shapes.So the authors hypothesized that by "sweeping an electrical current across" several electrodes, they could trace patterns onto the surface of the brain and thus generate recognizable shapes.

"The brain is uniquely tuned to detect changes in our environment, and the organ should track a pattern of phosphenes presented one after the other," the authors said.With this assumption,they generated phosphenes between the locations of two separate electrodes,thus connecting the dots between them, and, surprisingly, the study participants could see the traced shapes and accurately recreate them on a touch screen.When participants in the study began seeing letters form in their minds’ eyes, "I think they were at least as excited as we were, probably more!" Beauchamp and Yoshor said.

In the future, "these electrodes maybe designed to penetrate the cortex so that the electrode tips are closer to the neurons that lie several hundred microns below the cortical surface," they added."For certain patients, however, surface electrodes may work best, depending on the risks associated with implanting electrodes deeper in their brains," Yoshor said, "There are so many different causes of blindness that some patients may benefit most from deeply implanted electrodes,others from surface electrodes and still others from devices implanted directly into the retinas, which only require eye surgery to implant."

The reason why the authors failed to generate recognizable visual shapes at first was that______.

Scientists sent patterns of electricity coursing across people’s brains, coaxing their brains to see letters that weren’t there.The experiment worked in participants who had lost their sight in adulthood, according to the study published in the journal Cell by neuroscientist Michael Beauchamp and neurosurgeon Dr.Daniel Yoshor, both at the Baylor College of Medicine.

Known as artificial visual devices, the implants were placed on the visual cortex—a brain region that processes incoming information from the eyes—and then stimulated in a pattern to "trace" out shapes that the participants could then "see." The study authors crafted the letters by stimulating the brain with electrical currents, causing it to generate so-called phosphenes—tiny spots of light that people sometimes perceive without any actual light entering their eyes, unlike when light bounces off an object in the room and enters your eyes.

The team laid an array of electrodes over the region of the brain known as V1, where information from the eyes gets transmitted for early processing.V1 works like a map, where different regions of the map correspond to the different zones of our visual field.The authors found that, if they activated one electrode at a time, participants reliably saw a phosphene appear in its predicted zone.But if multiple electrodes came online simultaneously, the individual phosphenes still appeared but did not come together as coherent shapes.So the authors hypothesized that by "sweeping an electrical current across" several electrodes, they could trace patterns onto the surface of the brain and thus generate recognizable shapes.

"The brain is uniquely tuned to detect changes in our environment, and the organ should track a pattern of phosphenes presented one after the other," the authors said.With this assumption,they generated phosphenes between the locations of two separate electrodes,thus connecting the dots between them, and, surprisingly, the study participants could see the traced shapes and accurately recreate them on a touch screen.When participants in the study began seeing letters form in their minds’ eyes, "I think they were at least as excited as we were, probably more!" Beauchamp and Yoshor said.

In the future, "these electrodes maybe designed to penetrate the cortex so that the electrode tips are closer to the neurons that lie several hundred microns below the cortical surface," they added."For certain patients, however, surface electrodes may work best, depending on the risks associated with implanting electrodes deeper in their brains," Yoshor said, "There are so many different causes of blindness that some patients may benefit most from deeply implanted electrodes,others from surface electrodes and still others from devices implanted directly into the retinas, which only require eye surgery to implant."

The underlined word "penetrate" (Line 1, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to______.

Scientists sent patterns of electricity coursing across people’s brains, coaxing their brains to see letters that weren’t there.The experiment worked in participants who had lost their sight in adulthood, according to the study published in the journal Cell by neuroscientist Michael Beauchamp and neurosurgeon Dr.Daniel Yoshor, both at the Baylor College of Medicine.

Known as artificial visual devices, the implants were placed on the visual cortex—a brain region that processes incoming information from the eyes—and then stimulated in a pattern to "trace" out shapes that the participants could then "see." The study authors crafted the letters by stimulating the brain with electrical currents, causing it to generate so-called phosphenes—tiny spots of light that people sometimes perceive without any actual light entering their eyes, unlike when light bounces off an object in the room and enters your eyes.

The team laid an array of electrodes over the region of the brain known as V1, where information from the eyes gets transmitted for early processing.V1 works like a map, where different regions of the map correspond to the different zones of our visual field.The authors found that, if they activated one electrode at a time, participants reliably saw a phosphene appear in its predicted zone.But if multiple electrodes came online simultaneously, the individual phosphenes still appeared but did not come together as coherent shapes.So the authors hypothesized that by "sweeping an electrical current across" several electrodes, they could trace patterns onto the surface of the brain and thus generate recognizable shapes.

"The brain is uniquely tuned to detect changes in our environment, and the organ should track a pattern of phosphenes presented one after the other," the authors said.With this assumption,they generated phosphenes between the locations of two separate electrodes,thus connecting the dots between them, and, surprisingly, the study participants could see the traced shapes and accurately recreate them on a touch screen.When participants in the study began seeing letters form in their minds’ eyes, "I think they were at least as excited as we were, probably more!" Beauchamp and Yoshor said.

In the future, "these electrodes maybe designed to penetrate the cortex so that the electrode tips are closer to the neurons that lie several hundred microns below the cortical surface," they added."For certain patients, however, surface electrodes may work best, depending on the risks associated with implanting electrodes deeper in their brains," Yoshor said, "There are so many different causes of blindness that some patients may benefit most from deeply implanted electrodes,others from surface electrodes and still others from devices implanted directly into the retinas, which only require eye surgery to implant."

Which of the following is true according to the words of Yoshor?

Scientists sent patterns of electricity coursing across people’s brains, coaxing their brains to see letters that weren’t there.The experiment worked in participants who had lost their sight in adulthood, according to the study published in the journal Cell by neuroscientist Michael Beauchamp and neurosurgeon Dr.Daniel Yoshor, both at the Baylor College of Medicine.

Known as artificial visual devices, the implants were placed on the visual cortex—a brain region that processes incoming information from the eyes—and then stimulated in a pattern to "trace" out shapes that the participants could then "see." The study authors crafted the letters by stimulating the brain with electrical currents, causing it to generate so-called phosphenes—tiny spots of light that people sometimes perceive without any actual light entering their eyes, unlike when light bounces off an object in the room and enters your eyes.

The team laid an array of electrodes over the region of the brain known as V1, where information from the eyes gets transmitted for early processing.V1 works like a map, where different regions of the map correspond to the different zones of our visual field.The authors found that, if they activated one electrode at a time, participants reliably saw a phosphene appear in its predicted zone.But if multiple electrodes came online simultaneously, the individual phosphenes still appeared but did not come together as coherent shapes.So the authors hypothesized that by "sweeping an electrical current across" several electrodes, they could trace patterns onto the surface of the brain and thus generate recognizable shapes.

"The brain is uniquely tuned to detect changes in our environment, and the organ should track a pattern of phosphenes presented one after the other," the authors said.With this assumption,they generated phosphenes between the locations of two separate electrodes,thus connecting the dots between them, and, surprisingly, the study participants could see the traced shapes and accurately recreate them on a touch screen.When participants in the study began seeing letters form in their minds’ eyes, "I think they were at least as excited as we were, probably more!" Beauchamp and Yoshor said.

In the future, "these electrodes maybe designed to penetrate the cortex so that the electrode tips are closer to the neurons that lie several hundred microns below the cortical surface," they added."For certain patients, however, surface electrodes may work best, depending on the risks associated with implanting electrodes deeper in their brains," Yoshor said, "There are so many different causes of blindness that some patients may benefit most from deeply implanted electrodes,others from surface electrodes and still others from devices implanted directly into the retinas, which only require eye surgery to implant."

What is the best title of the passage?

On March 11th policymakers took decisive action to inoculate the economy from the effects of covid-19.Rishi Sunak, the chancellor, unveiled the largest sustained fiscal loosening since the early 1990s.He announced a ₤30bn, or 1.3% of GDP, giveaway for the coming year, made up of ₤12bn of immediate virus-related spending and ₤18bn of other measures.Fiscal prudence would appear to have been an early casualty of this government—and of the virus.

In his budget speech Mr.Sunak noted that one in five workers may be simultaneously absent in the coming weeks, creating a concurrent shock to both supply and demand.He argued that, because the hit to supply was likely to be transitory, the best response was a "temporary,targeted and timely" boost to support demand in the short run and try to stop hard-hit firms going out of business.The mutation of covid-19 into a global crisis came too recently for it to be reflected in the forecasts of the Office of Budget Responsibility, the fiscal watchdog.So policy-makers are, to a greater extent than usual, flying blind.

The real action came on the fiscal side.Mr.Sunak outlined a three-pronged strategy to cushion the blow from the virus on the public services, on households and on businesses.For the first he essentially wrote a short-term blank cheque, pledging to give the NHS whatever financial resources it required.Support for households will take the form of early entitlement to sick pay for those required to isolate themselves and easier access to welfare payments for the self-employed.The support for businesses, especially smaller ones, was the most substantial element.The main goal was to ease potential cash flow problems.Firms with fewer than 250 employees will have any statutory sick pay picked up by the government.Business rates, a property tax,will be cut to zero for the coming year for most small firms in industries such as retailing, hospitality and leisure. Some 700,000 especially tiny firms eligible for small-business-rate relief will receive a one-off payment of ₤3,000 to help them manage.

Whether these measures will prove sufficient will depend as much on epidemiology as on economics.The ultimate impact of the virus is still impossible to quantify.But the emergency measures masked a wider shift in the government’s fiscal strategy.Such a long-term shift in policy may ultimately matter more than any emergency medicine.

To save the economy, the British government has decided______.

On March 11th policymakers took decisive action to inoculate the economy from the effects of covid-19.Rishi Sunak, the chancellor, unveiled the largest sustained fiscal loosening since the early 1990s.He announced a ₤30bn, or 1.3% of GDP, giveaway for the coming year, made up of ₤12bn of immediate virus-related spending and ₤18bn of other measures.Fiscal prudence would appear to have been an early casualty of this government—and of the virus.

In his budget speech Mr.Sunak noted that one in five workers may be simultaneously absent in the coming weeks, creating a concurrent shock to both supply and demand.He argued that, because the hit to supply was likely to be transitory, the best response was a "temporary,targeted and timely" boost to support demand in the short run and try to stop hard-hit firms going out of business.The mutation of covid-19 into a global crisis came too recently for it to be reflected in the forecasts of the Office of Budget Responsibility, the fiscal watchdog.So policy-makers are, to a greater extent than usual, flying blind.

The real action came on the fiscal side.Mr.Sunak outlined a three-pronged strategy to cushion the blow from the virus on the public services, on households and on businesses.For the first he essentially wrote a short-term blank cheque, pledging to give the NHS whatever financial resources it required.Support for households will take the form of early entitlement to sick pay for those required to isolate themselves and easier access to welfare payments for the self-employed.The support for businesses, especially smaller ones, was the most substantial element.The main goal was to ease potential cash flow problems.Firms with fewer than 250 employees will have any statutory sick pay picked up by the government.Business rates, a property tax,will be cut to zero for the coming year for most small firms in industries such as retailing, hospitality and leisure. Some 700,000 especially tiny firms eligible for small-business-rate relief will receive a one-off payment of ₤3,000 to help them manage.

Whether these measures will prove sufficient will depend as much on epidemiology as on economics.The ultimate impact of the virus is still impossible to quantify.But the emergency measures masked a wider shift in the government’s fiscal strategy.Such a long-term shift in policy may ultimately matter more than any emergency medicine.

What does the author mean by saying "flying blind" (Line 7, Paragraph 2)?

On March 11th policymakers took decisive action to inoculate the economy from the effects of covid-19.Rishi Sunak, the chancellor, unveiled the largest sustained fiscal loosening since the early 1990s.He announced a ₤30bn, or 1.3% of GDP, giveaway for the coming year, made up of ₤12bn of immediate virus-related spending and ₤18bn of other measures.Fiscal prudence would appear to have been an early casualty of this government—and of the virus.

In his budget speech Mr.Sunak noted that one in five workers may be simultaneously absent in the coming weeks, creating a concurrent shock to both supply and demand.He argued that, because the hit to supply was likely to be transitory, the best response was a "temporary,targeted and timely" boost to support demand in the short run and try to stop hard-hit firms going out of business.The mutation of covid-19 into a global crisis came too recently for it to be reflected in the forecasts of the Office of Budget Responsibility, the fiscal watchdog.So policy-makers are, to a greater extent than usual, flying blind.

The real action came on the fiscal side.Mr.Sunak outlined a three-pronged strategy to cushion the blow from the virus on the public services, on households and on businesses.For the first he essentially wrote a short-term blank cheque, pledging to give the NHS whatever financial resources it required.Support for households will take the form of early entitlement to sick pay for those required to isolate themselves and easier access to welfare payments for the self-employed.The support for businesses, especially smaller ones, was the most substantial element.The main goal was to ease potential cash flow problems.Firms with fewer than 250 employees will have any statutory sick pay picked up by the government.Business rates, a property tax,will be cut to zero for the coming year for most small firms in industries such as retailing, hospitality and leisure. Some 700,000 especially tiny firms eligible for small-business-rate relief will receive a one-off payment of ₤3,000 to help them manage.

Whether these measures will prove sufficient will depend as much on epidemiology as on economics.The ultimate impact of the virus is still impossible to quantify.But the emergency measures masked a wider shift in the government’s fiscal strategy.Such a long-term shift in policy may ultimately matter more than any emergency medicine.

With Mr.Sunak’s measures, what kind of supporting measures will the public services receive?

On March 11th policymakers took decisive action to inoculate the economy from the effects of covid-19.Rishi Sunak, the chancellor, unveiled the largest sustained fiscal loosening since the early 1990s.He announced a ₤30bn, or 1.3% of GDP, giveaway for the coming year, made up of ₤12bn of immediate virus-related spending and ₤18bn of other measures.Fiscal prudence would appear to have been an early casualty of this government—and of the virus.

In his budget speech Mr.Sunak noted that one in five workers may be simultaneously absent in the coming weeks, creating a concurrent shock to both supply and demand.He argued that, because the hit to supply was likely to be transitory, the best response was a "temporary,targeted and timely" boost to support demand in the short run and try to stop hard-hit firms going out of business.The mutation of covid-19 into a global crisis came too recently for it to be reflected in the forecasts of the Office of Budget Responsibility, the fiscal watchdog.So policy-makers are, to a greater extent than usual, flying blind.

The real action came on the fiscal side.Mr.Sunak outlined a three-pronged strategy to cushion the blow from the virus on the public services, on households and on businesses.For the first he essentially wrote a short-term blank cheque, pledging to give the NHS whatever financial resources it required.Support for households will take the form of early entitlement to sick pay for those required to isolate themselves and easier access to welfare payments for the self-employed.The support for businesses, especially smaller ones, was the most substantial element.The main goal was to ease potential cash flow problems.Firms with fewer than 250 employees will have any statutory sick pay picked up by the government.Business rates, a property tax,will be cut to zero for the coming year for most small firms in industries such as retailing, hospitality and leisure. Some 700,000 especially tiny firms eligible for small-business-rate relief will receive a one-off payment of ₤3,000 to help them manage.

Whether these measures will prove sufficient will depend as much on epidemiology as on economics.The ultimate impact of the virus is still impossible to quantify.But the emergency measures masked a wider shift in the government’s fiscal strategy.Such a long-term shift in policy may ultimately matter more than any emergency medicine.

According to Mr.Sunak, one of the supporting measures for business will be______.

On March 11th policymakers took decisive action to inoculate the economy from the effects of covid-19.Rishi Sunak, the chancellor, unveiled the largest sustained fiscal loosening since the early 1990s.He announced a ₤30bn, or 1.3% of GDP, giveaway for the coming year, made up of ₤12bn of immediate virus-related spending and ₤18bn of other measures.Fiscal prudence would appear to have been an early casualty of this government—and of the virus.

In his budget speech Mr.Sunak noted that one in five workers may be simultaneously absent in the coming weeks, creating a concurrent shock to both supply and demand.He argued that, because the hit to supply was likely to be transitory, the best response was a "temporary,targeted and timely" boost to support demand in the short run and try to stop hard-hit firms going out of business.The mutation of covid-19 into a global crisis came too recently for it to be reflected in the forecasts of the Office of Budget Responsibility, the fiscal watchdog.So policy-makers are, to a greater extent than usual, flying blind.

The real action came on the fiscal side.Mr.Sunak outlined a three-pronged strategy to cushion the blow from the virus on the public services, on households and on businesses.For the first he essentially wrote a short-term blank cheque, pledging to give the NHS whatever financial resources it required.Support for households will take the form of early entitlement to sick pay for those required to isolate themselves and easier access to welfare payments for the self-employed.The support for businesses, especially smaller ones, was the most substantial element.The main goal was to ease potential cash flow problems.Firms with fewer than 250 employees will have any statutory sick pay picked up by the government.Business rates, a property tax,will be cut to zero for the coming year for most small firms in industries such as retailing, hospitality and leisure. Some 700,000 especially tiny firms eligible for small-business-rate relief will receive a one-off payment of ₤3,000 to help them manage.

Whether these measures will prove sufficient will depend as much on epidemiology as on economics.The ultimate impact of the virus is still impossible to quantify.But the emergency measures masked a wider shift in the government’s fiscal strategy.Such a long-term shift in policy may ultimately matter more than any emergency medicine.

The author’s attitude towards the shift in government’s policies is______.