The World Bank, International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Association (GSMA), and the World Economic Forum (WEF), have called for increased bandwidth, congestion management across the globe in this period of COVID-19 pandemic.According to them, text messaging is saving lives and curbing the spread of the pandemic.Contact tracing apps will help manage the spread and ease confinement that is crippling economies.And new technologies like artificial intelligence will help understand and tackle this virus head on.

None of these things, according to them,are possible, however, without resilient networks that power digital connectivity.Based on this, four bodies have launched an accelerated action plan to better leverage digital technologies and infrastructure in support of citizens, governments and businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of the plan is to put forward immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector.The action plan comes out of a high-level virtual roundtable held last week with finance and information and communication technology (ICT) ministers, ICT regulators, CEOs of telecom and technology companies from around the world.

Together,the group agreed that private-public sector collaboration will be essential to respond to the crisis to ensure networks are well-equipped to handle an exponential increase in digital traffic, help countries future-proof their digital capabilities and infrastructure, and ensure access to digital services for the most vulnerable populations.Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau, Doreen Bogdan-Martin,said it is a credit to the world’s ICT community that the huge surge in traffic caused by COVID-19 has not crippled our connectivity, "but let us also remember that the power to stay connected remains a huge privilege."

ITU figures reveal that 3.6 billion people remain totally cut-off from the Internet.Billions more struggle with connectivity that is woefully insufficient."COVID-19 has thrown into sharp relief the connectivity chasm we call the digital divide.And it has refocused our minds on why bridging this chasm and bringing affordable access to all is so crucially important to ensuring no-one is left behind." The leaders identified immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector, starting now.These areas formed the basis of the new action plan to maintain connectivity during the COVID-19 crisis, and to catalyze sustained collaboration between the public and private sectors to increase internet access beyond the current crisis.

The call for action seeks to pursue five key objectives, which includes increase bandwidth, strengthen resilience and security of networks, and manage congestion；connect vital services and ensure the continuity of public services to safeguard the welfare of populations；power FinTech and digital business models to support the most impacted businesses and communities.Others are to promote trust, security and safety online, and leveraging the power of mobile big data.The action plan also includes specific operational responses in the immediate-term (0-3 months) and short-term (3-6 month) in five areas.

According to Paragraph 1, new technologies like artificial intelligence______.

The World Bank, International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Association (GSMA), and the World Economic Forum (WEF), have called for increased bandwidth, congestion management across the globe in this period of COVID-19 pandemic.According to them, text messaging is saving lives and curbing the spread of the pandemic.Contact tracing apps will help manage the spread and ease confinement that is crippling economies.And new technologies like artificial intelligence will help understand and tackle this virus head on.

None of these things, according to them,are possible, however, without resilient networks that power digital connectivity.Based on this, four bodies have launched an accelerated action plan to better leverage digital technologies and infrastructure in support of citizens, governments and businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of the plan is to put forward immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector.The action plan comes out of a high-level virtual roundtable held last week with finance and information and communication technology (ICT) ministers, ICT regulators, CEOs of telecom and technology companies from around the world.

Together,the group agreed that private-public sector collaboration will be essential to respond to the crisis to ensure networks are well-equipped to handle an exponential increase in digital traffic, help countries future-proof their digital capabilities and infrastructure, and ensure access to digital services for the most vulnerable populations.Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau, Doreen Bogdan-Martin,said it is a credit to the world’s ICT community that the huge surge in traffic caused by COVID-19 has not crippled our connectivity, "but let us also remember that the power to stay connected remains a huge privilege."

ITU figures reveal that 3.6 billion people remain totally cut-off from the Internet.Billions more struggle with connectivity that is woefully insufficient."COVID-19 has thrown into sharp relief the connectivity chasm we call the digital divide.And it has refocused our minds on why bridging this chasm and bringing affordable access to all is so crucially important to ensuring no-one is left behind." The leaders identified immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector, starting now.These areas formed the basis of the new action plan to maintain connectivity during the COVID-19 crisis, and to catalyze sustained collaboration between the public and private sectors to increase internet access beyond the current crisis.

The call for action seeks to pursue five key objectives, which includes increase bandwidth, strengthen resilience and security of networks, and manage congestion；connect vital services and ensure the continuity of public services to safeguard the welfare of populations；power FinTech and digital business models to support the most impacted businesses and communities.Others are to promote trust, security and safety online, and leveraging the power of mobile big data.The action plan also includes specific operational responses in the immediate-term (0-3 months) and short-term (3-6 month) in five areas.

Why does the group of the four bodies attach importance to private-public sector collaboration?

The World Bank, International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Association (GSMA), and the World Economic Forum (WEF), have called for increased bandwidth, congestion management across the globe in this period of COVID-19 pandemic.According to them, text messaging is saving lives and curbing the spread of the pandemic.Contact tracing apps will help manage the spread and ease confinement that is crippling economies.And new technologies like artificial intelligence will help understand and tackle this virus head on.

None of these things, according to them,are possible, however, without resilient networks that power digital connectivity.Based on this, four bodies have launched an accelerated action plan to better leverage digital technologies and infrastructure in support of citizens, governments and businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of the plan is to put forward immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector.The action plan comes out of a high-level virtual roundtable held last week with finance and information and communication technology (ICT) ministers, ICT regulators, CEOs of telecom and technology companies from around the world.

Together,the group agreed that private-public sector collaboration will be essential to respond to the crisis to ensure networks are well-equipped to handle an exponential increase in digital traffic, help countries future-proof their digital capabilities and infrastructure, and ensure access to digital services for the most vulnerable populations.Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau, Doreen Bogdan-Martin,said it is a credit to the world’s ICT community that the huge surge in traffic caused by COVID-19 has not crippled our connectivity, "but let us also remember that the power to stay connected remains a huge privilege."

ITU figures reveal that 3.6 billion people remain totally cut-off from the Internet.Billions more struggle with connectivity that is woefully insufficient."COVID-19 has thrown into sharp relief the connectivity chasm we call the digital divide.And it has refocused our minds on why bridging this chasm and bringing affordable access to all is so crucially important to ensuring no-one is left behind." The leaders identified immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector, starting now.These areas formed the basis of the new action plan to maintain connectivity during the COVID-19 crisis, and to catalyze sustained collaboration between the public and private sectors to increase internet access beyond the current crisis.

The call for action seeks to pursue five key objectives, which includes increase bandwidth, strengthen resilience and security of networks, and manage congestion；connect vital services and ensure the continuity of public services to safeguard the welfare of populations；power FinTech and digital business models to support the most impacted businesses and communities.Others are to promote trust, security and safety online, and leveraging the power of mobile big data.The action plan also includes specific operational responses in the immediate-term (0-3 months) and short-term (3-6 month) in five areas.

The word "chasm" (Line 4,Paragraph 4) in the context probably means______.

The World Bank, International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Association (GSMA), and the World Economic Forum (WEF), have called for increased bandwidth, congestion management across the globe in this period of COVID-19 pandemic.According to them, text messaging is saving lives and curbing the spread of the pandemic.Contact tracing apps will help manage the spread and ease confinement that is crippling economies.And new technologies like artificial intelligence will help understand and tackle this virus head on.

None of these things, according to them,are possible, however, without resilient networks that power digital connectivity.Based on this, four bodies have launched an accelerated action plan to better leverage digital technologies and infrastructure in support of citizens, governments and businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of the plan is to put forward immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector.The action plan comes out of a high-level virtual roundtable held last week with finance and information and communication technology (ICT) ministers, ICT regulators, CEOs of telecom and technology companies from around the world.

Together,the group agreed that private-public sector collaboration will be essential to respond to the crisis to ensure networks are well-equipped to handle an exponential increase in digital traffic, help countries future-proof their digital capabilities and infrastructure, and ensure access to digital services for the most vulnerable populations.Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau, Doreen Bogdan-Martin,said it is a credit to the world’s ICT community that the huge surge in traffic caused by COVID-19 has not crippled our connectivity, "but let us also remember that the power to stay connected remains a huge privilege."

ITU figures reveal that 3.6 billion people remain totally cut-off from the Internet.Billions more struggle with connectivity that is woefully insufficient."COVID-19 has thrown into sharp relief the connectivity chasm we call the digital divide.And it has refocused our minds on why bridging this chasm and bringing affordable access to all is so crucially important to ensuring no-one is left behind." The leaders identified immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector, starting now.These areas formed the basis of the new action plan to maintain connectivity during the COVID-19 crisis, and to catalyze sustained collaboration between the public and private sectors to increase internet access beyond the current crisis.

The call for action seeks to pursue five key objectives, which includes increase bandwidth, strengthen resilience and security of networks, and manage congestion；connect vital services and ensure the continuity of public services to safeguard the welfare of populations；power FinTech and digital business models to support the most impacted businesses and communities.Others are to promote trust, security and safety online, and leveraging the power of mobile big data.The action plan also includes specific operational responses in the immediate-term (0-3 months) and short-term (3-6 month) in five areas.

Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

The World Bank, International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Association (GSMA), and the World Economic Forum (WEF), have called for increased bandwidth, congestion management across the globe in this period of COVID-19 pandemic.According to them, text messaging is saving lives and curbing the spread of the pandemic.Contact tracing apps will help manage the spread and ease confinement that is crippling economies.And new technologies like artificial intelligence will help understand and tackle this virus head on.

None of these things, according to them,are possible, however, without resilient networks that power digital connectivity.Based on this, four bodies have launched an accelerated action plan to better leverage digital technologies and infrastructure in support of citizens, governments and businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of the plan is to put forward immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector.The action plan comes out of a high-level virtual roundtable held last week with finance and information and communication technology (ICT) ministers, ICT regulators, CEOs of telecom and technology companies from around the world.

Together,the group agreed that private-public sector collaboration will be essential to respond to the crisis to ensure networks are well-equipped to handle an exponential increase in digital traffic, help countries future-proof their digital capabilities and infrastructure, and ensure access to digital services for the most vulnerable populations.Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau, Doreen Bogdan-Martin,said it is a credit to the world’s ICT community that the huge surge in traffic caused by COVID-19 has not crippled our connectivity, "but let us also remember that the power to stay connected remains a huge privilege."

ITU figures reveal that 3.6 billion people remain totally cut-off from the Internet.Billions more struggle with connectivity that is woefully insufficient."COVID-19 has thrown into sharp relief the connectivity chasm we call the digital divide.And it has refocused our minds on why bridging this chasm and bringing affordable access to all is so crucially important to ensuring no-one is left behind." The leaders identified immediate priority areas for private-public collaboration that can be taken by governments in partnership with the private sector, starting now.These areas formed the basis of the new action plan to maintain connectivity during the COVID-19 crisis, and to catalyze sustained collaboration between the public and private sectors to increase internet access beyond the current crisis.

The call for action seeks to pursue five key objectives, which includes increase bandwidth, strengthen resilience and security of networks, and manage congestion；connect vital services and ensure the continuity of public services to safeguard the welfare of populations；power FinTech and digital business models to support the most impacted businesses and communities.Others are to promote trust, security and safety online, and leveraging the power of mobile big data.The action plan also includes specific operational responses in the immediate-term (0-3 months) and short-term (3-6 month) in five areas.

Which of the following could be the be sttitle for this text?

Everyone wants to be authentic.You want to be true to yourself, not a slavish follower of social expectations.You want to "live your best life," pursuing your particular desires,rather than falling in line with whatever everyone else thinks happiness requires.Studies have even shown that feelings of authenticity can go hand in hand with numerous psychological and social benefits: higher self-esteem, greater well-being, better romantic relationships and enhanced work performance.

Although most people would define authenticity as acting in accordance with your own set of values and qualities,research has shown that people feel most authentic when they conform to a particular set of socially approved qualities, such as being extroverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.This is the paradox of authenticity: In order to reap the many of the benefits of feeling authentic, you may have to betray your true nature.

From a psychological science standpoint, a person is considered authentic if he or she meets certain criteria.Authentic people have considerable self-knowledge and are motivated to learn more about themselves.They are equally interested in understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and they are willing to honestly reflect on feedback regardless of whether it is flattering or unflattering.Above all, authentic people behave in line with their unique values and qualities even if those characteristics may conflict with social conventions or other external influences.

But a number of studies have shown that people’s feelings of authenticity are often shaped by something other than their loyalty to their unique qualities.Paradoxically, feelings of authenticity seem to be related to a kind of social conformity.The research also finds that people report feeling most authentic when their behavior confirms to a specific pattern of qualities: namely, when they are extroverted, emotionally stable,conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.

So, when it comes time to actually make a judgment about our own authenticity, we may use criteria that are closer to how we judge the authenticity of an object such as food.A fruit tiramisu may be unique, but the authenticity of tiramisu is judged by its conformity to a conventional recipe.Similarly, it appears that the more we conform to social conventions about how a person should act, the more authentic we feel.

We want to believe that authenticity will bring us benefits.It’s not surprising that businesses such as Microsoft, BlueCross BlueShield, and Gap have worked with consultants to leverage authenticity in the workplace. However, until we learn more about whether being authentic reaps the same benefits as feeling authentic, we are left with a tough decision between loyalty to our true selves and conformity to social convention.

In most people’s eyes, being authentic is______.

Everyone wants to be authentic.You want to be true to yourself, not a slavish follower of social expectations.You want to "live your best life," pursuing your particular desires,rather than falling in line with whatever everyone else thinks happiness requires.Studies have even shown that feelings of authenticity can go hand in hand with numerous psychological and social benefits: higher self-esteem, greater well-being, better romantic relationships and enhanced work performance.

Although most people would define authenticity as acting in accordance with your own set of values and qualities,research has shown that people feel most authentic when they conform to a particular set of socially approved qualities, such as being extroverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.This is the paradox of authenticity: In order to reap the many of the benefits of feeling authentic, you may have to betray your true nature.

From a psychological science standpoint, a person is considered authentic if he or she meets certain criteria.Authentic people have considerable self-knowledge and are motivated to learn more about themselves.They are equally interested in understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and they are willing to honestly reflect on feedback regardless of whether it is flattering or unflattering.Above all, authentic people behave in line with their unique values and qualities even if those characteristics may conflict with social conventions or other external influences.

But a number of studies have shown that people’s feelings of authenticity are often shaped by something other than their loyalty to their unique qualities.Paradoxically, feelings of authenticity seem to be related to a kind of social conformity.The research also finds that people report feeling most authentic when their behavior confirms to a specific pattern of qualities: namely, when they are extroverted, emotionally stable,conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.

So, when it comes time to actually make a judgment about our own authenticity, we may use criteria that are closer to how we judge the authenticity of an object such as food.A fruit tiramisu may be unique, but the authenticity of tiramisu is judged by its conformity to a conventional recipe.Similarly, it appears that the more we conform to social conventions about how a person should act, the more authentic we feel.

We want to believe that authenticity will bring us benefits.It’s not surprising that businesses such as Microsoft, BlueCross BlueShield, and Gap have worked with consultants to leverage authenticity in the workplace. However, until we learn more about whether being authentic reaps the same benefits as feeling authentic, we are left with a tough decision between loyalty to our true selves and conformity to social convention.

According to Paragraph 3, a person is regarded authentic most probably because he ______.

Everyone wants to be authentic.You want to be true to yourself, not a slavish follower of social expectations.You want to "live your best life," pursuing your particular desires,rather than falling in line with whatever everyone else thinks happiness requires.Studies have even shown that feelings of authenticity can go hand in hand with numerous psychological and social benefits: higher self-esteem, greater well-being, better romantic relationships and enhanced work performance.

Although most people would define authenticity as acting in accordance with your own set of values and qualities,research has shown that people feel most authentic when they conform to a particular set of socially approved qualities, such as being extroverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.This is the paradox of authenticity: In order to reap the many of the benefits of feeling authentic, you may have to betray your true nature.

From a psychological science standpoint, a person is considered authentic if he or she meets certain criteria.Authentic people have considerable self-knowledge and are motivated to learn more about themselves.They are equally interested in understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and they are willing to honestly reflect on feedback regardless of whether it is flattering or unflattering.Above all, authentic people behave in line with their unique values and qualities even if those characteristics may conflict with social conventions or other external influences.

But a number of studies have shown that people’s feelings of authenticity are often shaped by something other than their loyalty to their unique qualities.Paradoxically, feelings of authenticity seem to be related to a kind of social conformity.The research also finds that people report feeling most authentic when their behavior confirms to a specific pattern of qualities: namely, when they are extroverted, emotionally stable,conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.

So, when it comes time to actually make a judgment about our own authenticity, we may use criteria that are closer to how we judge the authenticity of an object such as food.A fruit tiramisu may be unique, but the authenticity of tiramisu is judged by its conformity to a conventional recipe.Similarly, it appears that the more we conform to social conventions about how a person should act, the more authentic we feel.

We want to believe that authenticity will bring us benefits.It’s not surprising that businesses such as Microsoft, BlueCross BlueShield, and Gap have worked with consultants to leverage authenticity in the workplace. However, until we learn more about whether being authentic reaps the same benefits as feeling authentic, we are left with a tough decision between loyalty to our true selves and conformity to social convention.

Which of the following qualities would people possess if they feel authentic?

Everyone wants to be authentic.You want to be true to yourself, not a slavish follower of social expectations.You want to "live your best life," pursuing your particular desires,rather than falling in line with whatever everyone else thinks happiness requires.Studies have even shown that feelings of authenticity can go hand in hand with numerous psychological and social benefits: higher self-esteem, greater well-being, better romantic relationships and enhanced work performance.

Although most people would define authenticity as acting in accordance with your own set of values and qualities,research has shown that people feel most authentic when they conform to a particular set of socially approved qualities, such as being extroverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.This is the paradox of authenticity: In order to reap the many of the benefits of feeling authentic, you may have to betray your true nature.

From a psychological science standpoint, a person is considered authentic if he or she meets certain criteria.Authentic people have considerable self-knowledge and are motivated to learn more about themselves.They are equally interested in understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and they are willing to honestly reflect on feedback regardless of whether it is flattering or unflattering.Above all, authentic people behave in line with their unique values and qualities even if those characteristics may conflict with social conventions or other external influences.

But a number of studies have shown that people’s feelings of authenticity are often shaped by something other than their loyalty to their unique qualities.Paradoxically, feelings of authenticity seem to be related to a kind of social conformity.The research also finds that people report feeling most authentic when their behavior confirms to a specific pattern of qualities: namely, when they are extroverted, emotionally stable,conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.

So, when it comes time to actually make a judgment about our own authenticity, we may use criteria that are closer to how we judge the authenticity of an object such as food.A fruit tiramisu may be unique, but the authenticity of tiramisu is judged by its conformity to a conventional recipe.Similarly, it appears that the more we conform to social conventions about how a person should act, the more authentic we feel.

We want to believe that authenticity will bring us benefits.It’s not surprising that businesses such as Microsoft, BlueCross BlueShield, and Gap have worked with consultants to leverage authenticity in the workplace. However, until we learn more about whether being authentic reaps the same benefits as feeling authentic, we are left with a tough decision between loyalty to our true selves and conformity to social convention.

The fruit tiramisu is mentioned in paragraph 5 in order to illustrate______.

Everyone wants to be authentic.You want to be true to yourself, not a slavish follower of social expectations.You want to "live your best life," pursuing your particular desires,rather than falling in line with whatever everyone else thinks happiness requires.Studies have even shown that feelings of authenticity can go hand in hand with numerous psychological and social benefits: higher self-esteem, greater well-being, better romantic relationships and enhanced work performance.

Although most people would define authenticity as acting in accordance with your own set of values and qualities,research has shown that people feel most authentic when they conform to a particular set of socially approved qualities, such as being extroverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.This is the paradox of authenticity: In order to reap the many of the benefits of feeling authentic, you may have to betray your true nature.

From a psychological science standpoint, a person is considered authentic if he or she meets certain criteria.Authentic people have considerable self-knowledge and are motivated to learn more about themselves.They are equally interested in understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and they are willing to honestly reflect on feedback regardless of whether it is flattering or unflattering.Above all, authentic people behave in line with their unique values and qualities even if those characteristics may conflict with social conventions or other external influences.

But a number of studies have shown that people’s feelings of authenticity are often shaped by something other than their loyalty to their unique qualities.Paradoxically, feelings of authenticity seem to be related to a kind of social conformity.The research also finds that people report feeling most authentic when their behavior confirms to a specific pattern of qualities: namely, when they are extroverted, emotionally stable,conscientious, intellectual and agreeable.

So, when it comes time to actually make a judgment about our own authenticity, we may use criteria that are closer to how we judge the authenticity of an object such as food.A fruit tiramisu may be unique, but the authenticity of tiramisu is judged by its conformity to a conventional recipe.Similarly, it appears that the more we conform to social conventions about how a person should act, the more authentic we feel.

We want to believe that authenticity will bring us benefits.It’s not surprising that businesses such as Microsoft, BlueCross BlueShield, and Gap have worked with consultants to leverage authenticity in the workplace. However, until we learn more about whether being authentic reaps the same benefits as feeling authentic, we are left with a tough decision between loyalty to our true selves and conformity to social convention.

What is the best title of this passage?

Last month, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that universities can use race in making admissions decisions.Justice Anthony M.Kennedy wrote that "student body diversity" at the modern university was "central to its identity and educational mission."

He’s right.But it’s also fair to question how well universities are fulfilling this mission, especially in light of the protests that swept U.S. campuses last year.Over the past 30 years,universities have become vastly more diverse.But students of color continue to denounce them as insensitive, inhospitable and hostile to nonwhites.

What can we do about that? Most university administrations have responded to the diversity challenge in a predictable way: by hiring administrators.More than 100 institutions now employ "chief diversity officers". Hundreds of schools offer diversity training and other programming, aimed at changing the overall racial climate on campus.

But there’s no strong evidence that these costly efforts have changed anything.Examining nearly 200 studies of diversity training in the corporate and educational world conducted over the past 40 years, psychologist Katerina Bezrukova found no indication that they affected participants’ racial attitudes over the long term.

But research did find that students who lived with a member of another race showed significant gains in the comfort levels they exhibited around different groups.They were also more likely to make friends with people outside their own race.

Unfortunately, more colleges are allowing freshmen to choose their own roommates.And, unsurprisingly, almost everyone who does that selects someone of the same race.Many schools are also offering single rooms to freshmen, who happily seize the opportunity to avoid the "hassle" of living with someone else.

So, instead of expending yet more resources on multicultural programming, let’s generate multicultural roommate pairings.All freshmen roommates should be randomly assigned.And we should bar or discourag freshmen from taking single rooms.

A study of Ohio State University freshmen found that African American students earned better grades if they had a white roommate than if they had a black one.As one black student suggested, blacks who lived with whites might be motivated to work harder to avoid confirming negative stereotypes about minority academic performance.

Meanwhile, single rooms decrease the odds of students getting to know people different from themselves.They might do so on the Internet, of course, but only in a superficial way that allows either party to disappear whenever he or she feels like it.Living with someone forces you to engage in the messy, unpredictable work of interactions that students call FTF (faceto face) or IRL (in real life).

According to the first two paragraphs, American universities were______.

Last month, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that universities can use race in making admissions decisions.Justice Anthony M.Kennedy wrote that "student body diversity" at the modern university was "central to its identity and educational mission."

He’s right.But it’s also fair to question how well universities are fulfilling this mission, especially in light of the protests that swept U.S. campuses last year.Over the past 30 years,universities have become vastly more diverse.But students of color continue to denounce them as insensitive, inhospitable and hostile to nonwhites.

What can we do about that? Most university administrations have responded to the diversity challenge in a predictable way: by hiring administrators.More than 100 institutions now employ "chief diversity officers". Hundreds of schools offer diversity training and other programming, aimed at changing the overall racial climate on campus.

But there’s no strong evidence that these costly efforts have changed anything.Examining nearly 200 studies of diversity training in the corporate and educational world conducted over the past 40 years, psychologist Katerina Bezrukova found no indication that they affected participants’ racial attitudes over the long term.

But research did find that students who lived with a member of another race showed significant gains in the comfort levels they exhibited around different groups.They were also more likely to make friends with people outside their own race.

Unfortunately, more colleges are allowing freshmen to choose their own roommates.And, unsurprisingly, almost everyone who does that selects someone of the same race.Many schools are also offering single rooms to freshmen, who happily seize the opportunity to avoid the "hassle" of living with someone else.

So, instead of expending yet more resources on multicultural programming, let’s generate multicultural roommate pairings.All freshmen roommates should be randomly assigned.And we should bar or discourag freshmen from taking single rooms.

A study of Ohio State University freshmen found that African American students earned better grades if they had a white roommate than if they had a black one.As one black student suggested, blacks who lived with whites might be motivated to work harder to avoid confirming negative stereotypes about minority academic performance.

Meanwhile, single rooms decrease the odds of students getting to know people different from themselves.They might do so on the Internet, of course, but only in a superficial way that allows either party to disappear whenever he or she feels like it.Living with someone forces you to engage in the messy, unpredictable work of interactions that students call FTF (faceto face) or IRL (in real life).

The employment of diversity officers at universities has______.

Last month, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that universities can use race in making admissions decisions.Justice Anthony M.Kennedy wrote that "student body diversity" at the modern university was "central to its identity and educational mission."

He’s right.But it’s also fair to question how well universities are fulfilling this mission, especially in light of the protests that swept U.S. campuses last year.Over the past 30 years,universities have become vastly more diverse.But students of color continue to denounce them as insensitive, inhospitable and hostile to nonwhites.

What can we do about that? Most university administrations have responded to the diversity challenge in a predictable way: by hiring administrators.More than 100 institutions now employ "chief diversity officers". Hundreds of schools offer diversity training and other programming, aimed at changing the overall racial climate on campus.

But there’s no strong evidence that these costly efforts have changed anything.Examining nearly 200 studies of diversity training in the corporate and educational world conducted over the past 40 years, psychologist Katerina Bezrukova found no indication that they affected participants’ racial attitudes over the long term.

But research did find that students who lived with a member of another race showed significant gains in the comfort levels they exhibited around different groups.They were also more likely to make friends with people outside their own race.

Unfortunately, more colleges are allowing freshmen to choose their own roommates.And, unsurprisingly, almost everyone who does that selects someone of the same race.Many schools are also offering single rooms to freshmen, who happily seize the opportunity to avoid the "hassle" of living with someone else.

So, instead of expending yet more resources on multicultural programming, let’s generate multicultural roommate pairings.All freshmen roommates should be randomly assigned.And we should bar or discourag freshmen from taking single rooms.

A study of Ohio State University freshmen found that African American students earned better grades if they had a white roommate than if they had a black one.As one black student suggested, blacks who lived with whites might be motivated to work harder to avoid confirming negative stereotypes about minority academic performance.

Meanwhile, single rooms decrease the odds of students getting to know people different from themselves.They might do so on the Internet, of course, but only in a superficial way that allows either party to disappear whenever he or she feels like it.Living with someone forces you to engage in the messy, unpredictable work of interactions that students call FTF (faceto face) or IRL (in real life).

The author suggests that universities should______.

Last month, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that universities can use race in making admissions decisions.Justice Anthony M.Kennedy wrote that "student body diversity" at the modern university was "central to its identity and educational mission."

He’s right.But it’s also fair to question how well universities are fulfilling this mission, especially in light of the protests that swept U.S. campuses last year.Over the past 30 years,universities have become vastly more diverse.But students of color continue to denounce them as insensitive, inhospitable and hostile to nonwhites.

What can we do about that? Most university administrations have responded to the diversity challenge in a predictable way: by hiring administrators.More than 100 institutions now employ "chief diversity officers". Hundreds of schools offer diversity training and other programming, aimed at changing the overall racial climate on campus.

But there’s no strong evidence that these costly efforts have changed anything.Examining nearly 200 studies of diversity training in the corporate and educational world conducted over the past 40 years, psychologist Katerina Bezrukova found no indication that they affected participants’ racial attitudes over the long term.

But research did find that students who lived with a member of another race showed significant gains in the comfort levels they exhibited around different groups.They were also more likely to make friends with people outside their own race.

Unfortunately, more colleges are allowing freshmen to choose their own roommates.And, unsurprisingly, almost everyone who does that selects someone of the same race.Many schools are also offering single rooms to freshmen, who happily seize the opportunity to avoid the "hassle" of living with someone else.

So, instead of expending yet more resources on multicultural programming, let’s generate multicultural roommate pairings.All freshmen roommates should be randomly assigned.And we should bar or discourag freshmen from taking single rooms.

A study of Ohio State University freshmen found that African American students earned better grades if they had a white roommate than if they had a black one.As one black student suggested, blacks who lived with whites might be motivated to work harder to avoid confirming negative stereotypes about minority academic performance.

Meanwhile, single rooms decrease the odds of students getting to know people different from themselves.They might do so on the Internet, of course, but only in a superficial way that allows either party to disappear whenever he or she feels like it.Living with someone forces you to engage in the messy, unpredictable work of interactions that students call FTF (faceto face) or IRL (in real life).

When living with white roommates, black students would_______.

Last month, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that universities can use race in making admissions decisions.Justice Anthony M.Kennedy wrote that "student body diversity" at the modern university was "central to its identity and educational mission."

He’s right.But it’s also fair to question how well universities are fulfilling this mission, especially in light of the protests that swept U.S. campuses last year.Over the past 30 years,universities have become vastly more diverse.But students of color continue to denounce them as insensitive, inhospitable and hostile to nonwhites.

What can we do about that? Most university administrations have responded to the diversity challenge in a predictable way: by hiring administrators.More than 100 institutions now employ "chief diversity officers". Hundreds of schools offer diversity training and other programming, aimed at changing the overall racial climate on campus.

But there’s no strong evidence that these costly efforts have changed anything.Examining nearly 200 studies of diversity training in the corporate and educational world conducted over the past 40 years, psychologist Katerina Bezrukova found no indication that they affected participants’ racial attitudes over the long term.

But research did find that students who lived with a member of another race showed significant gains in the comfort levels they exhibited around different groups.They were also more likely to make friends with people outside their own race.

Unfortunately, more colleges are allowing freshmen to choose their own roommates.And, unsurprisingly, almost everyone who does that selects someone of the same race.Many schools are also offering single rooms to freshmen, who happily seize the opportunity to avoid the "hassle" of living with someone else.

So, instead of expending yet more resources on multicultural programming, let’s generate multicultural roommate pairings.All freshmen roommates should be randomly assigned.And we should bar or discourag freshmen from taking single rooms.

A study of Ohio State University freshmen found that African American students earned better grades if they had a white roommate than if they had a black one.As one black student suggested, blacks who lived with whites might be motivated to work harder to avoid confirming negative stereotypes about minority academic performance.

Meanwhile, single rooms decrease the odds of students getting to know people different from themselves.They might do so on the Internet, of course, but only in a superficial way that allows either party to disappear whenever he or she feels like it.Living with someone forces you to engage in the messy, unpredictable work of interactions that students call FTF (faceto face) or IRL (in real life).

According to the text, one disadvantage of single rooms is that students______.

Every frock sold by the likes of Gucci or Givenchy is billed as a must-have that season.But, it turns out, some are more must-have than others.For all the hype they generate, even leading fashion brands struggle to shift much more than half their wares at full price.The luxury world is desperately searching for new ways to find a worthy closet for this unwanted inventory.

Dealing with "end-of-season" merchandise is a particularly thorny problem for luxury brands.Offering discounts to off load ageing wares is a time-tested trick among retailers.But cutting prices to clear the shelves is a bad look for labels whose raison d’etre(存在理由) is to exude exclusivity.

Chic brands used to bin last year’s garb quietly rather than sell them cheap.That changed after July 2018, when Burberry, a British purveyor of upscale macs, faced a furore as it disclosed having destroyed $38m of bling (风潮穿戴).France will ban the practice entirely by 2023.

Luxury groups are loth to reduce production, given that goods can be sold for ten times what they cost to make.But putting up "Sale!!!" signs is considered uncouth.Plus, says Luca Solca of Bernstein, a broker, "you have to weigh cash made from discounted sales with the damage done to the value of the brand." Prada, a posh Italian label, said last year it would end all in store discounts.

Some brands’ offerings are so timeless—a Hermes handbag, say—that seasonality is not an issue.Others manage to get rid of old stuff by offering discreet "sample sales" to staff and their friends.Many of the duds used to end up on the internet, sold cheaply on sites like Yoox and Saksoff5th.com.

None of this will be enough to get rid of an outmoded collection.To really shift stocks, brands now look to outdoor malls that group together "factory outlets".The concept is booming.Out of an estimated €281bn in personal-luxury sales last year, €37bn were in such physical off-price stores, according to Bain, a consultancy.The figure has shot up by 85% in five years.But using the outlets for anything beyond liquidating inventory—for example by stocking them with cheaper, second-tier collections—is a way to dent a brand’s cachet permanently, warns Mr Solca.Best to keep only the most questionable styles and weirdest sizes in stock, and to push a brand’s real aficionados (粉丝) to Regent Street or Avenue Montaigne.

Two things may come to the rescue of exasperated inventory liquidators.The first is the rise of second-hand-clothes sales online: expect to see many "used" frocks on offer that are in fact brand new.The second is "up-cycling", when an unsold dress gets trimmed, combined and dyed into a new fabulous outfit.For luxury brands, these two trends are unmissable.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that luxury groups________.

Every frock sold by the likes of Gucci or Givenchy is billed as a must-have that season.But, it turns out, some are more must-have than others.For all the hype they generate, even leading fashion brands struggle to shift much more than half their wares at full price.The luxury world is desperately searching for new ways to find a worthy closet for this unwanted inventory.

Dealing with "end-of-season" merchandise is a particularly thorny problem for luxury brands.Offering discounts to off load ageing wares is a time-tested trick among retailers.But cutting prices to clear the shelves is a bad look for labels whose raison d’etre(存在理由) is to exude exclusivity.

Chic brands used to bin last year’s garb quietly rather than sell them cheap.That changed after July 2018, when Burberry, a British purveyor of upscale macs, faced a furore as it disclosed having destroyed $38m of bling (风潮穿戴).France will ban the practice entirely by 2023.

Luxury groups are loth to reduce production, given that goods can be sold for ten times what they cost to make.But putting up "Sale!!!" signs is considered uncouth.Plus, says Luca Solca of Bernstein, a broker, "you have to weigh cash made from discounted sales with the damage done to the value of the brand." Prada, a posh Italian label, said last year it would end all in store discounts.

Some brands’ offerings are so timeless—a Hermes handbag, say—that seasonality is not an issue.Others manage to get rid of old stuff by offering discreet "sample sales" to staff and their friends.Many of the duds used to end up on the internet, sold cheaply on sites like Yoox and Saksoff5th.com.

None of this will be enough to get rid of an outmoded collection.To really shift stocks, brands now look to outdoor malls that group together "factory outlets".The concept is booming.Out of an estimated €281bn in personal-luxury sales last year, €37bn were in such physical off-price stores, according to Bain, a consultancy.The figure has shot up by 85% in five years.But using the outlets for anything beyond liquidating inventory—for example by stocking them with cheaper, second-tier collections—is a way to dent a brand’s cachet permanently, warns Mr Solca.Best to keep only the most questionable styles and weirdest sizes in stock, and to push a brand’s real aficionados (粉丝) to Regent Street or Avenue Montaigne.

Two things may come to the rescue of exasperated inventory liquidators.The first is the rise of second-hand-clothes sales online: expect to see many "used" frocks on offer that are in fact brand new.The second is "up-cycling", when an unsold dress gets trimmed, combined and dyed into a new fabulous outfit.For luxury brands, these two trends are unmissable.

The reason why luxury brands rebuff offering discounts is that______.

Every frock sold by the likes of Gucci or Givenchy is billed as a must-have that season.But, it turns out, some are more must-have than others.For all the hype they generate, even leading fashion brands struggle to shift much more than half their wares at full price.The luxury world is desperately searching for new ways to find a worthy closet for this unwanted inventory.

Dealing with "end-of-season" merchandise is a particularly thorny problem for luxury brands.Offering discounts to off load ageing wares is a time-tested trick among retailers.But cutting prices to clear the shelves is a bad look for labels whose raison d’etre(存在理由) is to exude exclusivity.

Chic brands used to bin last year’s garb quietly rather than sell them cheap.That changed after July 2018, when Burberry, a British purveyor of upscale macs, faced a furore as it disclosed having destroyed $38m of bling (风潮穿戴).France will ban the practice entirely by 2023.

Luxury groups are loth to reduce production, given that goods can be sold for ten times what they cost to make.But putting up "Sale!!!" signs is considered uncouth.Plus, says Luca Solca of Bernstein, a broker, "you have to weigh cash made from discounted sales with the damage done to the value of the brand." Prada, a posh Italian label, said last year it would end all in store discounts.

Some brands’ offerings are so timeless—a Hermes handbag, say—that seasonality is not an issue.Others manage to get rid of old stuff by offering discreet "sample sales" to staff and their friends.Many of the duds used to end up on the internet, sold cheaply on sites like Yoox and Saksoff5th.com.

None of this will be enough to get rid of an outmoded collection.To really shift stocks, brands now look to outdoor malls that group together "factory outlets".The concept is booming.Out of an estimated €281bn in personal-luxury sales last year, €37bn were in such physical off-price stores, according to Bain, a consultancy.The figure has shot up by 85% in five years.But using the outlets for anything beyond liquidating inventory—for example by stocking them with cheaper, second-tier collections—is a way to dent a brand’s cachet permanently, warns Mr Solca.Best to keep only the most questionable styles and weirdest sizes in stock, and to push a brand’s real aficionados (粉丝) to Regent Street or Avenue Montaigne.

Two things may come to the rescue of exasperated inventory liquidators.The first is the rise of second-hand-clothes sales online: expect to see many "used" frocks on offer that are in fact brand new.The second is "up-cycling", when an unsold dress gets trimmed, combined and dyed into a new fabulous outfit.For luxury brands, these two trends are unmissable.

The word "furore" (Line 2,Para.3) is closet in meaning to______.

Every frock sold by the likes of Gucci or Givenchy is billed as a must-have that season.But, it turns out, some are more must-have than others.For all the hype they generate, even leading fashion brands struggle to shift much more than half their wares at full price.The luxury world is desperately searching for new ways to find a worthy closet for this unwanted inventory.

Dealing with "end-of-season" merchandise is a particularly thorny problem for luxury brands.Offering discounts to off load ageing wares is a time-tested trick among retailers.But cutting prices to clear the shelves is a bad look for labels whose raison d’etre(存在理由) is to exude exclusivity.

Chic brands used to bin last year’s garb quietly rather than sell them cheap.That changed after July 2018, when Burberry, a British purveyor of upscale macs, faced a furore as it disclosed having destroyed $38m of bling (风潮穿戴).France will ban the practice entirely by 2023.

Luxury groups are loth to reduce production, given that goods can be sold for ten times what they cost to make.But putting up "Sale!!!" signs is considered uncouth.Plus, says Luca Solca of Bernstein, a broker, "you have to weigh cash made from discounted sales with the damage done to the value of the brand." Prada, a posh Italian label, said last year it would end all in store discounts.

Some brands’ offerings are so timeless—a Hermes handbag, say—that seasonality is not an issue.Others manage to get rid of old stuff by offering discreet "sample sales" to staff and their friends.Many of the duds used to end up on the internet, sold cheaply on sites like Yoox and Saksoff5th.com.

None of this will be enough to get rid of an outmoded collection.To really shift stocks, brands now look to outdoor malls that group together "factory outlets".The concept is booming.Out of an estimated €281bn in personal-luxury sales last year, €37bn were in such physical off-price stores, according to Bain, a consultancy.The figure has shot up by 85% in five years.But using the outlets for anything beyond liquidating inventory—for example by stocking them with cheaper, second-tier collections—is a way to dent a brand’s cachet permanently, warns Mr Solca.Best to keep only the most questionable styles and weirdest sizes in stock, and to push a brand’s real aficionados (粉丝) to Regent Street or Avenue Montaigne.

Two things may come to the rescue of exasperated inventory liquidators.The first is the rise of second-hand-clothes sales online: expect to see many "used" frocks on offer that are in fact brand new.The second is "up-cycling", when an unsold dress gets trimmed, combined and dyed into a new fabulous outfit.For luxury brands, these two trends are unmissable.

The example of Hermes handbags in Paragraph 5 indicates that______.

Every frock sold by the likes of Gucci or Givenchy is billed as a must-have that season.But, it turns out, some are more must-have than others.For all the hype they generate, even leading fashion brands struggle to shift much more than half their wares at full price.The luxury world is desperately searching for new ways to find a worthy closet for this unwanted inventory.

Dealing with "end-of-season" merchandise is a particularly thorny problem for luxury brands.Offering discounts to off load ageing wares is a time-tested trick among retailers.But cutting prices to clear the shelves is a bad look for labels whose raison d’etre(存在理由) is to exude exclusivity.

Chic brands used to bin last year’s garb quietly rather than sell them cheap.That changed after July 2018, when Burberry, a British purveyor of upscale macs, faced a furore as it disclosed having destroyed $38m of bling (风潮穿戴).France will ban the practice entirely by 2023.

Luxury groups are loth to reduce production, given that goods can be sold for ten times what they cost to make.But putting up "Sale!!!" signs is considered uncouth.Plus, says Luca Solca of Bernstein, a broker, "you have to weigh cash made from discounted sales with the damage done to the value of the brand." Prada, a posh Italian label, said last year it would end all in store discounts.

Some brands’ offerings are so timeless—a Hermes handbag, say—that seasonality is not an issue.Others manage to get rid of old stuff by offering discreet "sample sales" to staff and their friends.Many of the duds used to end up on the internet, sold cheaply on sites like Yoox and Saksoff5th.com.

None of this will be enough to get rid of an outmoded collection.To really shift stocks, brands now look to outdoor malls that group together "factory outlets".The concept is booming.Out of an estimated €281bn in personal-luxury sales last year, €37bn were in such physical off-price stores, according to Bain, a consultancy.The figure has shot up by 85% in five years.But using the outlets for anything beyond liquidating inventory—for example by stocking them with cheaper, second-tier collections—is a way to dent a brand’s cachet permanently, warns Mr Solca.Best to keep only the most questionable styles and weirdest sizes in stock, and to push a brand’s real aficionados (粉丝) to Regent Street or Avenue Montaigne.

Two things may come to the rescue of exasperated inventory liquidators.The first is the rise of second-hand-clothes sales online: expect to see many "used" frocks on offer that are in fact brand new.The second is "up-cycling", when an unsold dress gets trimmed, combined and dyed into a new fabulous outfit.For luxury brands, these two trends are unmissable.

It can be inferred from Mr Solca’s warning that______.