When we got off the bus,__________.

The purpose of__________is to spark interest and motivate students to attend to the spoken message，to ac-tivate or build students' prior topical and linguistic knowledge and to set purposes for listening.

ff a teacher attempts to implement the bottom-up model to teach listening,he／she is likely to present__________.

When we want to get a general idea of what a text is about, the reading strategy we often use is__________.

What activities could the teacher design before listening?

Which of following is NOT characteristics for successful speaking tasks?

Imitation ,reiteration and substitution drills are all__________.

The teacher should correct mistakes__________.

请阅读Passage l，完成第{TSE}题。
Passage 1
For most of recorded human history, marriage was an arrangement designed to maximize financial stability. Elizabeth Abbott, the author of A History of Marriage, explains that in ancient times, marriage was intended to unite various parts of a community, establishing beneficial economic relationships.
"Because it was a financial arrangement, it was thought of and operated as such. It was a contract be-tween families. For example, let's say I am a printer and you make paper, we might want a marriage between our children because that will improve our businesses. " Even the honeymoon, often called the "bridal tour", was a communal affair, with parents, brothers and sisters, and other close relatives traveling together to reinforce their new familial relationships.
By the Middle Ages, gender inequality was not only honored in social customs, but also common law. In most European countries, married women were forced to give up control over any personal wealth and property rights to their husbands. Eventually, the system became known as "coverture", whereby married copples became a single legal entity in which the husband had all power.
By the 19th century, the conflict between love and money had come to a head. As the Western world advanced towards a more modern, industrialized society built on wage labor, emotional bonds became more private, focused more on immediate family and friends than communal celebrations. Simultaneously, mass media helped make sentimental inclinations a larger part of popular culture, with the flourishing of holidays like Valentine's Day and various hobbies.
Culturally speaking, love was in the air, and the union of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1840 only served to seal the deal. Though Victoria and Albert's marriage was sanctioned by their royal families, it was also hailed as a true "love match", strengthening the new ideal of romantic partnership. Their wedding also coincided with the surge of early print media, making the event visible to readers all across Europe and North America.
{TS}What does the SECOND PARAGRAPH mainly talk about?

According to the passage, we can get that Elizabeth Abbott's attitude towards marriage is__________.

The underlined word "coverture" in PARAGRAPH THREE most probably means__________.

How does the author organize the passage?

请阅读Passage 2，完成第{TSE}题。
Passage 2
They may have lived some 1,700 years ago, but the ancient Maya had an incredible knowledge of celestial bodies, which they believed influenced everything from harvest to death.
Now a 15-year-old boy has studied astronomical charts devised by these ancient Mexican people, as well as satellite photos, to pinpoint the location of a forgotten Mayan city. William Gadoury, from Quebec has named the "lost city" in the Yucatan jungle K'aak Chi, or Mouth of Fire.
Satellite images suggest the lost city could be among the largest built by the ancient civilization, which thrived between 300 and 700 AD.
Wondering why the ancient people built their cities far away from rivers and in inhospitable mountains prompted the teenager to look to the sky for answers, because the Mayans worshiped the stars. Incredibly, the brightest of the stars match up with the largest cities.
"! was really surprised and excited when I realized that the most brilliant stars of the constellations matched the largest Maya cities. " He told The Journal of Montreal.
He is said to be the first to make the connection, which could lead to further finds.
It was in the 23rd constellation, containing three stars, that he found two matching cities on the map,suggesting one has not yet been re-discovered.
To investigate further, he used satellite images from the Canadian Space Agency and Google Earth to search the dense jungle for any signs of buildings.
The photographs revealed linear features that "stuck out," Daniel De Lisle, from the Canadian Space Agency told The Independent.
"There are linear features that would suggest there is something underneath that big canopy," he said.
Armand La Rocque, from the University of New Brunswick believes one of the images shows network of streets leading to a large square, which may be a pyramid. "A square is not natural, it is mostly artificial and can hardly be attributed to natural phenomena," he said.
It's possible 30 buildings accompany an impressive pyramid at the site. If true, the lost city would be one of the five largest known to archaeologists, built by the Mayans.
Linking the position of stars and the location of a lost city and the use of satellite images on a tiny terri-tory to identify the remains buried under dense vegetation, is quite exceptional.
Dr. La Rocque thinks William Gadoury's technique could lead archaeologists to pinpointing the location of more possible lost Mayan metropolises.
{TS}It can be learned from the passage that the newly-found Maya city was__________.

How does William Gadoury find the Maya city?

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Maya?

Dr. La Rocque believes that __________.

The passage must probably appears in__________.

在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案，错选、多选或未选均无分。
Whichof the following doesn't contain liaison?

You'dbe exposed to a lot_______pollution if you moved to a town with pure water andair.

Youshould take a spare battery with you in case the one being used is_______.

Thefashion industry blatantly pays attention to plus-size women. A good fitis everything,stylists often counsel, but in assessing its market America'sfashion business appears to have mislaid the measuring tape. A frequently-citedstudy done a few years ago by Plunkett Research, a market-research firm, foundthat 67% of American women were “plus-size”, meaning size 14 or larger.
Thatfigure will not have changed much, but in 2016, only 18% of clothing sold wasplus-size,according to NPD Group, another research firm.
Designersand retailers have long thought of the plus-size segment as high-risk.Predicting what these customers will buy can be difficult, as they tend to bemore cautious about styles. Making larger clothes is more expensive; highercosts for fabric cannot always be passed on to consumers.In turn, plus-sizewomen shopped less because the industry was not serving them well. “We have moneybut nowhere to spend it,” says Kristine Thompson, who runs a blog called TrendyCurvy and has nearly 150000 followers on Instagram, a social-media site.
At last,that is changing. Fast-fashion brands, including Forever 21 and a fashion linesold in partnership with Target, a giant retailer, have expanded theirplus-size collections. Lane Bryant, a plus-size retailer, and Prabal Garung, adesigner, have done the same. In March, Nike extended its“X-sized”sportswear range. Revenue in the plus-size category increased by 14%between 2013 and2016, compared with growth of 7% for all apparel.
Socialmedia has played an important role in changing attitudes in the fashionbusiness, says Madeline Jones, editor and co-founder of PLUS Model Magazine.Nonetheless, designer brands still hold back (Walmart sells the most plus-sizeapparel). Some brands, such as Michael Kors, do sell plus-size ranges but donot advertise them or display them on websites. Gwynnie Bee, Stitch Fix and Dia&Co,for example, share information with designers on preferred styles and fits.Tracy Reese,a designer known for creating Michelle Obama's dress for theDemocratic National Convention in2012, is one brand that recently enlistedGwynnie Bee's help to create a new plus-size collection.Gwynnie Bee promptedthe label to create bigger patterns and more appealing designs.
Not allplus-size shoppers are convinced. Laura Fuentes, a hairstylist from Abilene,Texas, says that many upmarket department stores still keep their plus-sizeclothing sections poorly organized,badly stocked and dimly lit, if they stocklarger clothes at all. Yet such complaints should be taken with a pinch ofsalt, says Ms. Thompson. "We're nowhere near where we should be but we'vemade progress," she says.
Which of the following is not the reason why designers and retailers considerthe plus-size segment as high-risk?

Thefashion industry blatantly pays attention to plus-size women. A good fitis everything,stylists often counsel, but in assessing its market America'sfashion business appears to have mislaid the measuring tape. A frequently-citedstudy done a few years ago by Plunkett Research, a market-research firm, foundthat 67% of American women were “plus-size”, meaning size 14 or larger.
Thatfigure will not have changed much, but in 2016, only 18% of clothing sold wasplus-size,according to NPD Group, another research firm.
Designersand retailers have long thought of the plus-size segment as high-risk.Predicting what these customers will buy can be difficult, as they tend to bemore cautious about styles. Making larger clothes is more expensive; highercosts for fabric cannot always be passed on to consumers.In turn, plus-sizewomen shopped less because the industry was not serving them well. “We have moneybut nowhere to spend it,” says Kristine Thompson, who runs a blog called TrendyCurvy and has nearly 150000 followers on Instagram, a social-media site.
At last,that is changing. Fast-fashion brands, including Forever 21 and a fashion linesold in partnership with Target, a giant retailer, have expanded theirplus-size collections. Lane Bryant, a plus-size retailer, and Prabal Garung, adesigner, have done the same. In March, Nike extended its“X-sized”sportswear range. Revenue in the plus-size category increased by 14%between 2013 and2016, compared with growth of 7% for all apparel.
Socialmedia has played an important role in changing attitudes in the fashionbusiness, says Madeline Jones, editor and co-founder of PLUS Model Magazine.Nonetheless, designer brands still hold back (Walmart sells the most plus-sizeapparel). Some brands, such as Michael Kors, do sell plus-size ranges but donot advertise them or display them on websites. Gwynnie Bee, Stitch Fix and Dia&Co,for example, share information with designers on preferred styles and fits.Tracy Reese,a designer known for creating Michelle Obama's dress for theDemocratic National Convention in2012, is one brand that recently enlistedGwynnie Bee's help to create a new plus-size collection.Gwynnie Bee promptedthe label to create bigger patterns and more appealing designs.
Not allplus-size shoppers are convinced. Laura Fuentes, a hairstylist from Abilene,Texas, says that many upmarket department stores still keep their plus-sizeclothing sections poorly organized,badly stocked and dimly lit, if they stocklarger clothes at all. Yet such complaints should be taken with a pinch ofsalt, says Ms. Thompson. "We're nowhere near where we should be but we'vemade progress," she says.
Inthe sentence “At last, that is changing” in Paragraph 3, what does “that” referto?

Thefashion industry blatantly pays attention to plus-size women. A good fitis everything,stylists often counsel, but in assessing its market America'sfashion business appears to have mislaid the measuring tape. A frequently-citedstudy done a few years ago by Plunkett Research, a market-research firm, foundthat 67% of American women were “plus-size”, meaning size 14 or larger.
Thatfigure will not have changed much, but in 2016, only 18% of clothing sold wasplus-size,according to NPD Group, another research firm.
Designersand retailers have long thought of the plus-size segment as high-risk.Predicting what these customers will buy can be difficult, as they tend to bemore cautious about styles. Making larger clothes is more expensive; highercosts for fabric cannot always be passed on to consumers.In turn, plus-sizewomen shopped less because the industry was not serving them well. “We have moneybut nowhere to spend it,” says Kristine Thompson, who runs a blog called TrendyCurvy and has nearly 150000 followers on Instagram, a social-media site.
At last,that is changing. Fast-fashion brands, including Forever 21 and a fashion linesold in partnership with Target, a giant retailer, have expanded theirplus-size collections. Lane Bryant, a plus-size retailer, and Prabal Garung, adesigner, have done the same. In March, Nike extended its“X-sized”sportswear range. Revenue in the plus-size category increased by 14%between 2013 and2016, compared with growth of 7% for all apparel.
Socialmedia has played an important role in changing attitudes in the fashionbusiness, says Madeline Jones, editor and co-founder of PLUS Model Magazine.Nonetheless, designer brands still hold back (Walmart sells the most plus-sizeapparel). Some brands, such as Michael Kors, do sell plus-size ranges but donot advertise them or display them on websites. Gwynnie Bee, Stitch Fix and Dia&Co,for example, share information with designers on preferred styles and fits.Tracy Reese,a designer known for creating Michelle Obama's dress for theDemocratic National Convention in2012, is one brand that recently enlistedGwynnie Bee's help to create a new plus-size collection.Gwynnie Bee promptedthe label to create bigger patterns and more appealing designs.
Not allplus-size shoppers are convinced. Laura Fuentes, a hairstylist from Abilene,Texas, says that many upmarket department stores still keep their plus-sizeclothing sections poorly organized,badly stocked and dimly lit, if they stocklarger clothes at all. Yet such complaints should be taken with a pinch ofsalt, says Ms. Thompson. "We're nowhere near where we should be but we'vemade progress," she says.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Thefashion industry blatantly pays attention to plus-size women. A good fitis everything,stylists often counsel, but in assessing its market America'sfashion business appears to have mislaid the measuring tape. A frequently-citedstudy done a few years ago by Plunkett Research, a market-research firm, foundthat 67% of American women were “plus-size”, meaning size 14 or larger.
Thatfigure will not have changed much, but in 2016, only 18% of clothing sold wasplus-size,according to NPD Group, another research firm.
Designersand retailers have long thought of the plus-size segment as high-risk.Predicting what these customers will buy can be difficult, as they tend to bemore cautious about styles. Making larger clothes is more expensive; highercosts for fabric cannot always be passed on to consumers.In turn, plus-sizewomen shopped less because the industry was not serving them well. “We have moneybut nowhere to spend it,” says Kristine Thompson, who runs a blog called TrendyCurvy and has nearly 150000 followers on Instagram, a social-media site.
At last,that is changing. Fast-fashion brands, including Forever 21 and a fashion linesold in partnership with Target, a giant retailer, have expanded theirplus-size collections. Lane Bryant, a plus-size retailer, and Prabal Garung, adesigner, have done the same. In March, Nike extended its“X-sized”sportswear range. Revenue in the plus-size category increased by 14%between 2013 and2016, compared with growth of 7% for all apparel.
Socialmedia has played an important role in changing attitudes in the fashionbusiness, says Madeline Jones, editor and co-founder of PLUS Model Magazine.Nonetheless, designer brands still hold back (Walmart sells the most plus-sizeapparel). Some brands, such as Michael Kors, do sell plus-size ranges but donot advertise them or display them on websites. Gwynnie Bee, Stitch Fix and Dia&Co,for example, share information with designers on preferred styles and fits.Tracy Reese,a designer known for creating Michelle Obama's dress for theDemocratic National Convention in2012, is one brand that recently enlistedGwynnie Bee's help to create a new plus-size collection.Gwynnie Bee promptedthe label to create bigger patterns and more appealing designs.
Not allplus-size shoppers are convinced. Laura Fuentes, a hairstylist from Abilene,Texas, says that many upmarket department stores still keep their plus-sizeclothing sections poorly organized,badly stocked and dimly lit, if they stocklarger clothes at all. Yet such complaints should be taken with a pinch ofsalt, says Ms. Thompson. "We're nowhere near where we should be but we'vemade progress," she says.
Whatis Ms. Thompson's attitude toward the development of plus-size clothes?

When Itold my family that I was thinking of taking a cooking job, the roars oflaughter were rather discouraging. No one believed that I could cook at all asI had never had a chance to practice at home. Our cook had ruled in the kitchenfor thirty years and had an annoying tendency to regard the saucepans, stoveand all the kitchen fittings as her own property.
I oncecrept down there when I thought she was asleep in her room to try out anomelette.Noiselessly I removed a frying pan from its hook and the eggs fromtheir cupboard. It was the pop of the gas that woke her, I think, for I wasjust breaking the first egg when a pair of slippered feet moved round the doorand a shriek of horror caused me to break the egg on the floor. Thisdisaster,together with the fact that I was using her very special beloved andcared-for frying pan, upset her so much that she locked herself in thestoreroom with all the food and we had to make our Sunday dinner of bananas.
If thefamily weren't going to be helpful, I would look for a job all by myself andnot tell them about it till I'd got one. I had seen an agency in a local paper,so as soon as there was no one about to say “where are you going?” I rushed outof the house in search of it.
I sat onthe edge of a chair and could see my nose shining out of the corner of my eye.I thought perhaps it was a good thing; it might look more earnest. The woman atthe desk examined me through her glasses. Having asked me a few questions, shetold me that it would be difficult to get a job without experience. “But,” shesaid, “I've got someone who needs a cook badly.”She wrote down a number, and myspirits went up as I took the slip of paper she held out to me, saying, “Ring upthis lady. She wants a cook. You would have to start tomorrow by cooking dinnerfor ten people.Could you manage that?”“Oh, yes,” said I never having cooked for morethan four in my life.
According to the passage, the main reasons for the author's lack of practice incooking was that_______.

When Itold my family that I was thinking of taking a cooking job, the roars oflaughter were rather discouraging. No one believed that I could cook at all asI had never had a chance to practice at home. Our cook had ruled in the kitchenfor thirty years and had an annoying tendency to regard the saucepans, stoveand all the kitchen fittings as her own property.
I oncecrept down there when I thought she was asleep in her room to try out anomelette.Noiselessly I removed a frying pan from its hook and the eggs fromtheir cupboard. It was the pop of the gas that woke her, I think, for I wasjust breaking the first egg when a pair of slippered feet moved round the doorand a shriek of horror caused me to break the egg on the floor. Thisdisaster,together with the fact that I was using her very special beloved andcared-for frying pan, upset her so much that she locked herself in thestoreroom with all the food and we had to make our Sunday dinner of bananas.
If thefamily weren't going to be helpful, I would look for a job all by myself andnot tell them about it till I'd got one. I had seen an agency in a local paper,so as soon as there was no one about to say “where are you going?” I rushed outof the house in search of it.
I sat onthe edge of a chair and could see my nose shining out of the corner of my eye.I thought perhaps it was a good thing; it might look more earnest. The woman atthe desk examined me through her glasses. Having asked me a few questions, shetold me that it would be difficult to get a job without experience. “But,” shesaid, “I've got someone who needs a cook badly.”She wrote down a number, and myspirits went up as I took the slip of paper she held out to me, saying, “Ring upthis lady. She wants a cook. You would have to start tomorrow by cooking dinnerfor ten people.Could you manage that?”“Oh, yes,” said I never having cooked for morethan four in my life.
Thefamily had to have bananas for dinner that Sunday because_______.

When Itold my family that I was thinking of taking a cooking job, the roars oflaughter were rather discouraging. No one believed that I could cook at all asI had never had a chance to practice at home. Our cook had ruled in the kitchenfor thirty years and had an annoying tendency to regard the saucepans, stoveand all the kitchen fittings as her own property.
I oncecrept down there when I thought she was asleep in her room to try out anomelette.Noiselessly I removed a frying pan from its hook and the eggs fromtheir cupboard. It was the pop of the gas that woke her, I think, for I wasjust breaking the first egg when a pair of slippered feet moved round the doorand a shriek of horror caused me to break the egg on the floor. Thisdisaster,together with the fact that I was using her very special beloved andcared-for frying pan, upset her so much that she locked herself in thestoreroom with all the food and we had to make our Sunday dinner of bananas.
If thefamily weren't going to be helpful, I would look for a job all by myself andnot tell them about it till I'd got one. I had seen an agency in a local paper,so as soon as there was no one about to say “where are you going?” I rushed outof the house in search of it.
I sat onthe edge of a chair and could see my nose shining out of the corner of my eye.I thought perhaps it was a good thing; it might look more earnest. The woman atthe desk examined me through her glasses. Having asked me a few questions, shetold me that it would be difficult to get a job without experience. “But,” shesaid, “I've got someone who needs a cook badly.”She wrote down a number, and myspirits went up as I took the slip of paper she held out to me, saying, “Ring upthis lady. She wants a cook. You would have to start tomorrow by cooking dinnerfor ten people.Could you manage that?”“Oh, yes,” said I never having cooked for morethan four in my life.
According to the passage, as the author sat in the room of the agency,_______.

When Itold my family that I was thinking of taking a cooking job, the roars oflaughter were rather discouraging. No one believed that I could cook at all asI had never had a chance to practice at home. Our cook had ruled in the kitchenfor thirty years and had an annoying tendency to regard the saucepans, stoveand all the kitchen fittings as her own property.
I oncecrept down there when I thought she was asleep in her room to try out anomelette.Noiselessly I removed a frying pan from its hook and the eggs fromtheir cupboard. It was the pop of the gas that woke her, I think, for I wasjust breaking the first egg when a pair of slippered feet moved round the doorand a shriek of horror caused me to break the egg on the floor. Thisdisaster,together with the fact that I was using her very special beloved andcared-for frying pan, upset her so much that she locked herself in thestoreroom with all the food and we had to make our Sunday dinner of bananas.
If thefamily weren't going to be helpful, I would look for a job all by myself andnot tell them about it till I'd got one. I had seen an agency in a local paper,so as soon as there was no one about to say “where are you going?” I rushed outof the house in search of it.
I sat onthe edge of a chair and could see my nose shining out of the corner of my eye.I thought perhaps it was a good thing; it might look more earnest. The woman atthe desk examined me through her glasses. Having asked me a few questions, shetold me that it would be difficult to get a job without experience. “But,” shesaid, “I've got someone who needs a cook badly.”She wrote down a number, and myspirits went up as I took the slip of paper she held out to me, saying, “Ring upthis lady. She wants a cook. You would have to start tomorrow by cooking dinnerfor ten people.Could you manage that?”“Oh, yes,” said I never having cooked for morethan four in my life.
Thebest title of the passage would be_______.

--_______Itell the head teacher what happened?
--No,you_______! Mr. Wang would be terribly angry.

Whenthe word "law" means "the whole system of rules that everyone ina country or society must obey" , it's_______meaning.

Which of the followings is a communicative activity?

Whena teacher asks students to use phonetic knowledge in specific communicative contextsto practice what they have learned, it refers to the principle of_______inteaching pronunciation.

Canelectricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band ofscientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure toelectromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes intocontact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, frompower lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becauseevidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has beenhard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity islegitimate——or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now thealarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review,released in draft form late last week,the EPA has put forward what amounts tothe most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludesthat scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields--those having very long wave-lengths--and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer, while the report falls short of classifying ELFfields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magneticfield as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans”.
The report is no reason topanic--or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. Theevidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny thatthe issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At theheart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: Whenan electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagneticfield that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientistsdismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily becausethey are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a videoterminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength ofthe earth's
ownmagnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells willbe only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fieldsthat the cells themselves generate.
Howcould such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be thatthey could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kindsof radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons outof the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations havebeen clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations tocontrol emissions.
Butepidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets ofdata, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory workshowing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animaltissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths hasnever been found.
ThePentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPAreport, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entiredocument”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,”the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lendits imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon's concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavyuse of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towersto the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
The main idea of this passage is_______.

Canelectricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band ofscientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure toelectromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes intocontact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, frompower lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becauseevidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has beenhard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity islegitimate——or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now thealarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review,released in draft form late last week,the EPA has put forward what amounts tothe most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludesthat scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields--those having very long wave-lengths--and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer, while the report falls short of classifying ELFfields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magneticfield as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans”.
The report is no reason topanic--or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. Theevidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny thatthe issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At theheart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: Whenan electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagneticfield that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientistsdismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily becausethey are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a videoterminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength ofthe earth's
ownmagnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells willbe only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fieldsthat the cells themselves generate.
Howcould such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be thatthey could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kindsof radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons outof the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations havebeen clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations tocontrol emissions.
Butepidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets ofdata, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory workshowing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animaltissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths hasnever been found.
ThePentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPAreport, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entiredocument”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,”the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lendits imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon's concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavyuse of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towersto the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
Theviewpoint of the EPA is_______.

Canelectricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band ofscientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure toelectromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes intocontact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, frompower lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becauseevidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has beenhard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity islegitimate——or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now thealarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review,released in draft form late last week,the EPA has put forward what amounts tothe most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludesthat scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields--those having very long wave-lengths--and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer, while the report falls short of classifying ELFfields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magneticfield as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans”.
The report is no reason topanic--or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. Theevidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny thatthe issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At theheart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: Whenan electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagneticfield that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientistsdismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily becausethey are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a videoterminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength ofthe earth's
ownmagnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells willbe only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fieldsthat the cells themselves generate.
Howcould such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be thatthey could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kindsof radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons outof the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations havebeen clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations tocontrol emissions.
Butepidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets ofdata, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory workshowing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animaltissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths hasnever been found.
ThePentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPAreport, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entiredocument”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,”the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lendits imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon's concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavyuse of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towersto the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
Whydid the Pentagon and White House object to the release of the report?

Canelectricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band ofscientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure toelectromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes intocontact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, frompower lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becauseevidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has beenhard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity islegitimate——or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now thealarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review,released in draft form late last week,the EPA has put forward what amounts tothe most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludesthat scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields--those having very long wave-lengths--and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer, while the report falls short of classifying ELFfields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magneticfield as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans”.
The report is no reason topanic--or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. Theevidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny thatthe issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At theheart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: Whenan electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagneticfield that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientistsdismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily becausethey are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a videoterminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength ofthe earth's
ownmagnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells willbe only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fieldsthat the cells themselves generate.
Howcould such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be thatthey could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kindsof radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons outof the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations havebeen clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations tocontrol emissions.
Butepidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets ofdata, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory workshowing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animaltissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths hasnever been found.
ThePentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPAreport, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entiredocument”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,”the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lendits imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon's concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavyuse of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towersto the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
Itcan be inferred from the physical phenomenon that_______.

Canelectricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band ofscientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure toelectromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes intocontact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, frompower lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becauseevidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has beenhard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity islegitimate——or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now thealarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review,released in draft form late last week,the EPA has put forward what amounts tothe most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludesthat scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields--those having very long wave-lengths--and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer, while the report falls short of classifying ELFfields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magneticfield as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans”.
The report is no reason topanic--or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. Theevidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny thatthe issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At theheart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: Whenan electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagneticfield that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientistsdismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily becausethey are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a videoterminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength ofthe earth's
ownmagnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells willbe only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fieldsthat the cells themselves generate.
Howcould such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be thatthey could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kindsof radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons outof the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations havebeen clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations tocontrol emissions.
Butepidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets ofdata, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory workshowing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animaltissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths hasnever been found.
ThePentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPAreport, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entiredocument”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,”the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lendits imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon's concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavyuse of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towersto the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
Whatdo you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments?

Themythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs andvalues of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories tocreate an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural worldand teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas andconcepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gatheredfrom the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play inconveying that message.
Perhapsthe epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values canbe found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative anddescriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in hisshort stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumblingfools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice ofcharacterization allows
us tosee that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implyingthat deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, ratherthan stealing from, human beings.
Aesop'sfables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflectingthe importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans wasused to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level ofunderstanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapeson a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up,making up its mind
that thegrapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play downthat which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches thereader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of thehuman psyche.
Themythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of theirrespective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations thoselessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer apowerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environmentin which those culture existed.
The author appears to view fables as_______.

Themythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs andvalues of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories tocreate an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural worldand teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas andconcepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gatheredfrom the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play inconveying that message.
Perhapsthe epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values canbe found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative anddescriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in hisshort stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumblingfools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice ofcharacterization allows
us tosee that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implyingthat deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, ratherthan stealing from, human beings.
Aesop'sfables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflectingthe importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans wasused to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level ofunderstanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapeson a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up,making up its mind
that thegrapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play downthat which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches thereader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of thehuman psyche.
Themythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of theirrespective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations thoselessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer apowerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environmentin which those culture existed.
Theway that fables were used in the past is most similar to today's_______.

Themythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs andvalues of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories tocreate an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural worldand teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas andconcepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gatheredfrom the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play inconveying that message.
Perhapsthe epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values canbe found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative anddescriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in hisshort stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumblingfools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice ofcharacterization allows
us tosee that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implyingthat deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, ratherthan stealing from, human beings.
Aesop'sfables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflectingthe importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans wasused to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level ofunderstanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapeson a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up,making up its mind
that thegrapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play downthat which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches thereader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of thehuman psyche.
Themythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of theirrespective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations thoselessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer apowerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environmentin which those culture existed.
Themain purpose of Paragraph 3 is to_______.

Themythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs andvalues of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories tocreate an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural worldand teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas andconcepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gatheredfrom the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play inconveying that message.
Perhapsthe epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values canbe found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative anddescriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in hisshort stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumblingfools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice ofcharacterization allows
us tosee that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implyingthat deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, ratherthan stealing from, human beings.
Aesop'sfables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflectingthe importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans wasused to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level ofunderstanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapeson a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up,making up its mind
that thegrapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play downthat which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches thereader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of thehuman psyche.
Themythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of theirrespective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations thoselessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer apowerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environmentin which those culture existed.
Theauthor names the Roman, Aztec and European cultures in order to

Themythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs andvalues of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories tocreate an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural worldand teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas andconcepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gatheredfrom the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play inconveying that message.
Perhapsthe epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values canbe found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative anddescriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in hisshort stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumblingfools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice ofcharacterization allows
us tosee that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implyingthat deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, ratherthan stealing from, human beings.
Aesop'sfables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflectingthe importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans wasused to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level ofunderstanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapeson a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up,making up its mind
that thegrapes were probably sour anyway. The fable's lesson, that we often play downthat which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches thereader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of thehuman psyche.
Themythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of theirrespective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations thoselessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer apowerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environmentin which those culture existed.
Themain point of this text is_______.

Teaching pronunciation is not teaching isolated speech sounds. Some aspectssuch as phonemes, phonetic symbols, words, sentences, meanings, and usagesshould be included. This reflects the_______principle of teachingpronunciation.

Which of the following is least used as a method of grammar practice?

If ateacher wants to use the visual method to introduce a new lesson, he/she can_______.

Scottishisland is now a windswept island boasting pine martens, red deer and puffins.But 170million years ago, some very different beasts were leaving their mark onthe Isle of Skye.
Researchershave unearthed a new site of about 50 tracks, some as big as a car tyre, from dinosaursthat roamed the island during the Middle Jurassic.
Thestudy, published in the Scottish Journal of Geology, builds on previousdinosaur found on the island--not least a huge array of tracks discovered inthe north of Skye in 2015 by the same team.
Thatsite showed hundreds of footprints, almost all from enormous, long-necked,plant-eating dinosaurs known as sauropods. But the newly discovered site atRubhanam Brathairean, or Brothers Point, reveals that these hefty beasts weresharing their spot with another type of dinosaur: a meat-eater.
“Anytimewe find new dinosaurs it is exciting, especially in Scotland because the recordis so limited and also because these are Middle Jurassic dinosaurs and thereare very few dinosaur fossils of that age anywhere in the world,” said Dr.Stephen Brusatte, a paleontologist and co-author of the study from theUniversity of Edinburgh.
Around 170million years ago, shortly after the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up,the land that is now Skye was part of a smaller subtropical island, far closerto the equator, and replete with beaches, rivers and lagoons.
“Thiswas a subtropical kind of paradise world, probably kind of like Florida orSpain today,” said Brusatte. “These prints were made in a shallowlagoon--dinosaurs walking in very shallow water.”
One ofBrusatte's students stumbled across the tracks in 2016 while on a field tripalong Skye's coast. “The tide went out and we noticed them,” said Brusatte. “Weknew that you could find these things in Scotland and if you were walking ontidal platforms and you saw holes in the rock, they could, possibly, befootprints.”
Mappingthe site with drones and other camera equipment revealed about 50 dinosaurprints at the site in total, including what appears to be two lines of tracks.Brusatte said the conclusion that the depressions were produced by dinosaurscame down to a number of factors.
“Therewas a kind of a left-right, left-right patterning,” he said. “They were allkind of the same shape, they were all generally the same size--they were prettycircular but they had little bits sticking out at the front and those are marksof toes.”
Some ofthe footprints, said Brnsatte, were as big as a car tyre. “There were alsohandprints associated with those tracks--so these were made by. a dinosaurwalking all fours, a big dinosaur,and the dinosaur that fits the bill is asauropod--one of these long-necked, potbellied, brontosaurus-type dinosaurs,”said Brusatte, adding that they would have been up to 15 meters in length and weighedmore than 10 tonnes. “They were the biggest things living on land at the time,”he said.
But theteam also found impressions made by three-toed dinosaurs, probably theropods. “Theseare the tracks of the meat-eaters,” said Brusatte. “There were only footprints,no handprints: this was a dinosaur just walking on its hind legs；” he added, saying thecreature would have weighed about a tonne and was around five or six meters inlength. “Kind of a primitive cousin of a T-Rex,”said Brnsatte.
Brusattesaid the prints back up evidence from the 2015 site that suggests dinosaursspent time pottering around lagoons.
“Wethink of dinosaurs as thundering across the land, which of course they did, butin the Jurassic dinosaurs had become dominant, they had spread all over theworld and they were living in all sorts of environments, even on the beaches,even in the lagoons,” he said.
“These dinosaurslook like they were just lingering; they were just kind of loitering. This seemsto be a snapshot into a day in the life of some dinosaurs and I think that isjust pretty cool.”
What does “some very different beasts” in Paragraph 1 refer to?

Scottishisland is now a windswept island boasting pine martens, red deer and puffins.But 170million years ago, some very different beasts were leaving their mark onthe Isle of Skye.
Researchershave unearthed a new site of about 50 tracks, some as big as a car tyre, from dinosaursthat roamed the island during the Middle Jurassic.
Thestudy, published in the Scottish Journal of Geology, builds on previousdinosaur found on the island--not least a huge array of tracks discovered inthe north of Skye in 2015 by the same team.
Thatsite showed hundreds of footprints, almost all from enormous, long-necked,plant-eating dinosaurs known as sauropods. But the newly discovered site atRubhanam Brathairean, or Brothers Point, reveals that these hefty beasts weresharing their spot with another type of dinosaur: a meat-eater.
“Anytimewe find new dinosaurs it is exciting, especially in Scotland because the recordis so limited and also because these are Middle Jurassic dinosaurs and thereare very few dinosaur fossils of that age anywhere in the world,” said Dr.Stephen Brusatte, a paleontologist and co-author of the study from theUniversity of Edinburgh.
Around 170million years ago, shortly after the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up,the land that is now Skye was part of a smaller subtropical island, far closerto the equator, and replete with beaches, rivers and lagoons.
“Thiswas a subtropical kind of paradise world, probably kind of like Florida orSpain today,” said Brusatte. “These prints were made in a shallowlagoon--dinosaurs walking in very shallow water.”
One ofBrusatte's students stumbled across the tracks in 2016 while on a field tripalong Skye's coast. “The tide went out and we noticed them,” said Brusatte. “Weknew that you could find these things in Scotland and if you were walking ontidal platforms and you saw holes in the rock, they could, possibly, befootprints.”
Mappingthe site with drones and other camera equipment revealed about 50 dinosaurprints at the site in total, including what appears to be two lines of tracks.Brusatte said the conclusion that the depressions were produced by dinosaurscame down to a number of factors.
“Therewas a kind of a left-right, left-right patterning,” he said. “They were allkind of the same shape, they were all generally the same size--they were prettycircular but they had little bits sticking out at the front and those are marksof toes.”
Some ofthe footprints, said Brnsatte, were as big as a car tyre. “There were alsohandprints associated with those tracks--so these were made by. a dinosaurwalking all fours, a big dinosaur,and the dinosaur that fits the bill is asauropod--one of these long-necked, potbellied, brontosaurus-type dinosaurs,”said Brusatte, adding that they would have been up to 15 meters in length and weighedmore than 10 tonnes. “They were the biggest things living on land at the time,”he said.
But theteam also found impressions made by three-toed dinosaurs, probably theropods. “Theseare the tracks of the meat-eaters,” said Brusatte. “There were only footprints,no handprints: this was a dinosaur just walking on its hind legs；” he added, saying thecreature would have weighed about a tonne and was around five or six meters inlength. “Kind of a primitive cousin of a T-Rex,”said Brnsatte.
Brusattesaid the prints back up evidence from the 2015 site that suggests dinosaursspent time pottering around lagoons.
“Wethink of dinosaurs as thundering across the land, which of course they did, butin the Jurassic dinosaurs had become dominant, they had spread all over theworld and they were living in all sorts of environments, even on the beaches,even in the lagoons,” he said.
“These dinosaurslook like they were just lingering; they were just kind of loitering. This seemsto be a snapshot into a day in the life of some dinosaurs and I think that isjust pretty cool.”
Researchers deem that_______may live in Isle of Skye according to the hundredsof footprints.

Scottishisland is now a windswept island boasting pine martens, red deer and puffins.But 170million years ago, some very different beasts were leaving their mark onthe Isle of Skye.
Researchershave unearthed a new site of about 50 tracks, some as big as a car tyre, from dinosaursthat roamed the island during the Middle Jurassic.
Thestudy, published in the Scottish Journal of Geology, builds on previousdinosaur found on the island--not least a huge array of tracks discovered inthe north of Skye in 2015 by the same team.
Thatsite showed hundreds of footprints, almost all from enormous, long-necked,plant-eating dinosaurs known as sauropods. But the newly discovered site atRubhanam Brathairean, or Brothers Point, reveals that these hefty beasts weresharing their spot with another type of dinosaur: a meat-eater.
“Anytimewe find new dinosaurs it is exciting, especially in Scotland because the recordis so limited and also because these are Middle Jurassic dinosaurs and thereare very few dinosaur fossils of that age anywhere in the world,” said Dr.Stephen Brusatte, a paleontologist and co-author of the study from theUniversity of Edinburgh.
Around 170million years ago, shortly after the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up,the land that is now Skye was part of a smaller subtropical island, far closerto the equator, and replete with beaches, rivers and lagoons.
“Thiswas a subtropical kind of paradise world, probably kind of like Florida orSpain today,” said Brusatte. “These prints were made in a shallowlagoon--dinosaurs walking in very shallow water.”
One ofBrusatte's students stumbled across the tracks in 2016 while on a field tripalong Skye's coast. “The tide went out and we noticed them,” said Brusatte. “Weknew that you could find these things in Scotland and if you were walking ontidal platforms and you saw holes in the rock, they could, possibly, befootprints.”
Mappingthe site with drones and other camera equipment revealed about 50 dinosaurprints at the site in total, including what appears to be two lines of tracks.Brusatte said the conclusion that the depressions were produced by dinosaurscame down to a number of factors.
“Therewas a kind of a left-right, left-right patterning,” he said. “They were allkind of the same shape, they were all generally the same size--they were prettycircular but they had little bits sticking out at the front and those are marksof toes.”
Some ofthe footprints, said Brnsatte, were as big as a car tyre. “There were alsohandprints associated with those tracks--so these were made by. a dinosaurwalking all fours, a big dinosaur,and the dinosaur that fits the bill is asauropod--one of these long-necked, potbellied, brontosaurus-type dinosaurs,”said Brusatte, adding that they would have been up to 15 meters in length and weighedmore than 10 tonnes. “They were the biggest things living on land at the time,”he said.
But theteam also found impressions made by three-toed dinosaurs, probably theropods. “Theseare the tracks of the meat-eaters,” said Brusatte. “There were only footprints,no handprints: this was a dinosaur just walking on its hind legs；” he added, saying thecreature would have weighed about a tonne and was around five or six meters inlength. “Kind of a primitive cousin of a T-Rex,”said Brnsatte.
Brusattesaid the prints back up evidence from the 2015 site that suggests dinosaursspent time pottering around lagoons.
“Wethink of dinosaurs as thundering across the land, which of course they did, butin the Jurassic dinosaurs had become dominant, they had spread all over theworld and they were living in all sorts of environments, even on the beaches,even in the lagoons,” he said.
“These dinosaurslook like they were just lingering; they were just kind of loitering. This seemsto be a snapshot into a day in the life of some dinosaurs and I think that isjust pretty cool.”
About 170 million years ago, the area that now is named Skye was_______.

Scottishisland is now a windswept island boasting pine martens, red deer and puffins.But 170million years ago, some very different beasts were leaving their mark onthe Isle of Skye.
Researchershave unearthed a new site of about 50 tracks, some as big as a car tyre, from dinosaursthat roamed the island during the Middle Jurassic.
Thestudy, published in the Scottish Journal of Geology, builds on previousdinosaur found on the island--not least a huge array of tracks discovered inthe north of Skye in 2015 by the same team.
Thatsite showed hundreds of footprints, almost all from enormous, long-necked,plant-eating dinosaurs known as sauropods. But the newly discovered site atRubhanam Brathairean, or Brothers Point, reveals that these hefty beasts weresharing their spot with another type of dinosaur: a meat-eater.
“Anytimewe find new dinosaurs it is exciting, especially in Scotland because the recordis so limited and also because these are Middle Jurassic dinosaurs and thereare very few dinosaur fossils of that age anywhere in the world,” said Dr.Stephen Brusatte, a paleontologist and co-author of the study from theUniversity of Edinburgh.
Around 170million years ago, shortly after the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up,the land that is now Skye was part of a smaller subtropical island, far closerto the equator, and replete with beaches, rivers and lagoons.
“Thiswas a subtropical kind of paradise world, probably kind of like Florida orSpain today,” said Brusatte. “These prints were made in a shallowlagoon--dinosaurs walking in very shallow water.”
One ofBrusatte's students stumbled across the tracks in 2016 while on a field tripalong Skye's coast. “The tide went out and we noticed them,” said Brusatte. “Weknew that you could find these things in Scotland and if you were walking ontidal platforms and you saw holes in the rock, they could, possibly, befootprints.”
Mappingthe site with drones and other camera equipment revealed about 50 dinosaurprints at the site in total, including what appears to be two lines of tracks.Brusatte said the conclusion that the depressions were produced by dinosaurscame down to a number of factors.
“Therewas a kind of a left-right, left-right patterning,” he said. “They were allkind of the same shape, they were all generally the same size--they were prettycircular but they had little bits sticking out at the front and those are marksof toes.”
Some ofthe footprints, said Brnsatte, were as big as a car tyre. “There were alsohandprints associated with those tracks--so these were made by. a dinosaurwalking all fours, a big dinosaur,and the dinosaur that fits the bill is asauropod--one of these long-necked, potbellied, brontosaurus-type dinosaurs,”said Brusatte, adding that they would have been up to 15 meters in length and weighedmore than 10 tonnes. “They were the biggest things living on land at the time,”he said.
But theteam also found impressions made by three-toed dinosaurs, probably theropods. “Theseare the tracks of the meat-eaters,” said Brusatte. “There were only footprints,no handprints: this was a dinosaur just walking on its hind legs；” he added, saying thecreature would have weighed about a tonne and was around five or six meters inlength. “Kind of a primitive cousin of a T-Rex,”said Brnsatte.
Brusattesaid the prints back up evidence from the 2015 site that suggests dinosaursspent time pottering around lagoons.
“Wethink of dinosaurs as thundering across the land, which of course they did, butin the Jurassic dinosaurs had become dominant, they had spread all over theworld and they were living in all sorts of environments, even on the beaches,even in the lagoons,” he said.
“These dinosaurslook like they were just lingering; they were just kind of loitering. This seemsto be a snapshot into a day in the life of some dinosaurs and I think that isjust pretty cool.”
According to this passage, the following statements are correct EXCEPT that_______.

Scottishisland is now a windswept island boasting pine martens, red deer and puffins.But 170million years ago, some very different beasts were leaving their mark onthe Isle of Skye.
Researchershave unearthed a new site of about 50 tracks, some as big as a car tyre, from dinosaursthat roamed the island during the Middle Jurassic.
Thestudy, published in the Scottish Journal of Geology, builds on previousdinosaur found on the island--not least a huge array of tracks discovered inthe north of Skye in 2015 by the same team.
Thatsite showed hundreds of footprints, almost all from enormous, long-necked,plant-eating dinosaurs known as sauropods. But the newly discovered site atRubhanam Brathairean, or Brothers Point, reveals that these hefty beasts weresharing their spot with another type of dinosaur: a meat-eater.
“Anytimewe find new dinosaurs it is exciting, especially in Scotland because the recordis so limited and also because these are Middle Jurassic dinosaurs and thereare very few dinosaur fossils of that age anywhere in the world,” said Dr.Stephen Brusatte, a paleontologist and co-author of the study from theUniversity of Edinburgh.
Around 170million years ago, shortly after the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up,the land that is now Skye was part of a smaller subtropical island, far closerto the equator, and replete with beaches, rivers and lagoons.
“Thiswas a subtropical kind of paradise world, probably kind of like Florida orSpain today,” said Brusatte. “These prints were made in a shallowlagoon--dinosaurs walking in very shallow water.”
One ofBrusatte's students stumbled across the tracks in 2016 while on a field tripalong Skye's coast. “The tide went out and we noticed them,” said Brusatte. “Weknew that you could find these things in Scotland and if you were walking ontidal platforms and you saw holes in the rock, they could, possibly, befootprints.”
Mappingthe site with drones and other camera equipment revealed about 50 dinosaurprints at the site in total, including what appears to be two lines of tracks.Brusatte said the conclusion that the depressions were produced by dinosaurscame down to a number of factors.
“Therewas a kind of a left-right, left-right patterning,” he said. “They were allkind of the same shape, they were all generally the same size--they were prettycircular but they had little bits sticking out at the front and those are marksof toes.”
Some ofthe footprints, said Brnsatte, were as big as a car tyre. “There were alsohandprints associated with those tracks--so these were made by. a dinosaurwalking all fours, a big dinosaur,and the dinosaur that fits the bill is asauropod--one of these long-necked, potbellied, brontosaurus-type dinosaurs,”said Brusatte, adding that they would have been up to 15 meters in length and weighedmore than 10 tonnes. “They were the biggest things living on land at the time,”he said.
But theteam also found impressions made by three-toed dinosaurs, probably theropods. “Theseare the tracks of the meat-eaters,” said Brusatte. “There were only footprints,no handprints: this was a dinosaur just walking on its hind legs；” he added, saying thecreature would have weighed about a tonne and was around five or six meters inlength. “Kind of a primitive cousin of a T-Rex,”said Brnsatte.
Brusattesaid the prints back up evidence from the 2015 site that suggests dinosaursspent time pottering around lagoons.
“Wethink of dinosaurs as thundering across the land, which of course they did, butin the Jurassic dinosaurs had become dominant, they had spread all over theworld and they were living in all sorts of environments, even on the beaches,even in the lagoons,” he said.
“These dinosaurslook like they were just lingering; they were just kind of loitering. This seemsto be a snapshot into a day in the life of some dinosaurs and I think that isjust pretty cool.”
What's the best title for this passage?

Somepeople believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nationsand that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: the international contests encouragefalse national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probablysome truth in both arguments, but in recent years, the Olympic Games have donelittle to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Notonly was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but theGames were ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor nationalcontests.
Onecountry received its second-place medals with visible indignation after thehockey final. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have beendisallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in arage when he said, “This isn't hockey.Hockey and the International HockeyFederation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that suchbehavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least .three years.
TheAmerican basketball team announced that they would not yield first place toRussia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended indisturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a singlepoint, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. ARussia player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, andanother player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA hadever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter forfour and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. TheAmerican players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidentsof this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather thanfor the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete asindividuals or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in thepresent organization of the Olympics, there is far too much that encouragesaggressive patriotism.
According to the author, recent Olympic Games have_______.

Somepeople believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nationsand that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: the international contests encouragefalse national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probablysome truth in both arguments, but in recent years, the Olympic Games have donelittle to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Notonly was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but theGames were ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor nationalcontests.
Onecountry received its second-place medals with visible indignation after thehockey final. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have beendisallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in arage when he said, “This isn't hockey.Hockey and the International HockeyFederation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that suchbehavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least .three years.
TheAmerican basketball team announced that they would not yield first place toRussia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended indisturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a singlepoint, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. ARussia player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, andanother player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA hadever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter forfour and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. TheAmerican players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidentsof this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather thanfor the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete asindividuals or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in thepresent organization of the Olympics, there is far too much that encouragesaggressive patriotism.
Whatdid the manager mean by saying, “Hockey and the International Hockey Federationare finished” ?

Somepeople believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nationsand that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: the international contests encouragefalse national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probablysome truth in both arguments, but in recent years, the Olympic Games have donelittle to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Notonly was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but theGames were ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor nationalcontests.
Onecountry received its second-place medals with visible indignation after thehockey final. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have beendisallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in arage when he said, “This isn't hockey.Hockey and the International HockeyFederation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that suchbehavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least .three years.
TheAmerican basketball team announced that they would not yield first place toRussia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended indisturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a singlepoint, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. ARussia player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, andanother player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA hadever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter forfour and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. TheAmerican players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidentsof this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather thanfor the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete asindividuals or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in thepresent organization of the Olympics, there is far too much that encouragesaggressive patriotism.
Thebasketball example implied that_______.

Somepeople believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nationsand that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: the international contests encouragefalse national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probablysome truth in both arguments, but in recent years, the Olympic Games have donelittle to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Notonly was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but theGames were ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor nationalcontests.
Onecountry received its second-place medals with visible indignation after thehockey final. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have beendisallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in arage when he said, “This isn't hockey.Hockey and the International HockeyFederation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that suchbehavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least .three years.
TheAmerican basketball team announced that they would not yield first place toRussia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended indisturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a singlepoint, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. ARussia player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, andanother player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA hadever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter forfour and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. TheAmerican players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidentsof this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather thanfor the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete asindividuals or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in thepresent organization of the Olympics, there is far too much that encouragesaggressive patriotism.
Theauthor gives the two examples in Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3 to show_______.

Somepeople believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nationsand that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: the international contests encouragefalse national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probablysome truth in both arguments, but in recent years, the Olympic Games have donelittle to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Notonly was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but theGames were ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor nationalcontests.
Onecountry received its second-place medals with visible indignation after thehockey final. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have beendisallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in arage when he said, “This isn't hockey.Hockey and the International HockeyFederation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that suchbehavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least .three years.
TheAmerican basketball team announced that they would not yield first place toRussia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended indisturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a singlepoint, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. ARussia player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, andanother player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA hadever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter forfour and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. TheAmerican players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidentsof this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather thanfor the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete asindividuals or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in thepresent organization of the Olympics, there is far too much that encouragesaggressive patriotism.
Whatconclusion can be drawn from the passage?

Myparents_______at the airport because of the storm. Otherwise, they would havebeen here by lunch time.

which of the following activities is the best for training detailed reading?

Asimple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans andtheir neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryersas wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerfulemitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO₂ per household everyyear). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of whatAlexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can-doenvironmentalism"
But onthe other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aestheticgrounds.Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across theU.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only lookunsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn,have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation toprotect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii andUtah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dryadvocates argue that thereshould be more.
MattReck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater andrecycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. Hisfamily also uses a clothesline.But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in WakeForest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. TheRecks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard."Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take mattersinto their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold offtaking action. "I'm not going to go crazy,"
he says."But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have toaddress it again."
NorthCarolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language intoan energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines.But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Mostaesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogeneousexteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executivedirector of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. Inother words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospectivebuyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
AlexanderLee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocatingthat the idea "needs to change in light of global warming" . "Weall have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,"Alexander Lee says.
What is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryers?

Asimple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans andtheir neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryersas wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerfulemitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO₂ per household everyyear). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of whatAlexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can-doenvironmentalism"
But onthe other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aestheticgrounds.Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across theU.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only lookunsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn,have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation toprotect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii andUtah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dryadvocates argue that thereshould be more.
MattReck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater andrecycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. Hisfamily also uses a clothesline.But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in WakeForest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. TheRecks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard."Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take mattersinto their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold offtaking action. "I'm not going to go crazy,"
he says."But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have toaddress it again."
NorthCarolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language intoan energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines.But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Mostaesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogeneousexteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executivedirector of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. Inother words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospectivebuyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
AlexanderLee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocatingthat the idea "needs to change in light of global warming" . "Weall have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,"Alexander Lee says.
Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Asimple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans andtheir neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryersas wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerfulemitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO₂ per household everyyear). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of whatAlexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can-doenvironmentalism"
But onthe other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aestheticgrounds.Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across theU.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only lookunsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn,have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation toprotect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii andUtah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dryadvocates argue that thereshould be more.
MattReck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater andrecycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. Hisfamily also uses a clothesline.But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in WakeForest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. TheRecks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard."Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take mattersinto their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold offtaking action. "I'm not going to go crazy,"
he says."But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have toaddress it again."
NorthCarolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language intoan energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines.But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Mostaesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogeneousexteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executivedirector of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. Inother words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospectivebuyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
AlexanderLee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocatingthat the idea "needs to change in light of global warming" . "Weall have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,"Alexander Lee says.
Whatis the HOAs' attitude towards the regulation of outdoor clotheslines?

Asimple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans andtheir neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryersas wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerfulemitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO₂ per household everyyear). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of whatAlexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can-doenvironmentalism"
But onthe other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aestheticgrounds.Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across theU.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only lookunsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn,have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation toprotect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii andUtah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dryadvocates argue that thereshould be more.
MattReck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater andrecycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. Hisfamily also uses a clothesline.But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in WakeForest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. TheRecks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard."Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take mattersinto their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold offtaking action. "I'm not going to go crazy,"
he says."But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have toaddress it again."
NorthCarolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language intoan energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines.But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Mostaesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogeneousexteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executivedirector of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. Inother words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospectivebuyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
AlexanderLee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocatingthat the idea "needs to change in light of global warming" . "Weall have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,"Alexander Lee says.
Inthe last Paragraph, Alexander Lee recommends that_______.

Asimple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans andtheir neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryersas wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerfulemitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO₂ per household everyyear). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of whatAlexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can-doenvironmentalism"
But onthe other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aestheticgrounds.Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across theU.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only lookunsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn,have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation toprotect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii andUtah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dryadvocates argue that thereshould be more.
MattReck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater andrecycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. Hisfamily also uses a clothesline.But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in WakeForest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. TheRecks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard."Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take mattersinto their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold offtaking action. "I'm not going to go crazy,"
he says."But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have toaddress it again."
NorthCarolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language intoan energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines.But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Mostaesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogeneousexteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executivedirector of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. Inother words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospectivebuyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
AlexanderLee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocatingthat the idea "needs to change in light of global warming" . "Weall have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,"Alexander Lee says.
Anappropriate title for the passage might be_______.

Peopleoften complained about not getting "a good night's sleep", but sleeppattems differ from person to person. Most adults require six to eight hours ofsleep to function well, while others survive on only a few hours. Still, mostpeople today think of sleep as one continuous period of downtime. This is notthe way people used to sleep. According to researchers in earlier times, peopledivided sleep by first sleep a few hours, waking up, then going back to sleep.
Beforethe 18th century, people had no gas or electricity in their homes. Fire,candles, or oil lamps were the common forms of lighting. This lack ofartificial lighting in homes contributed to people's sleep patterns. It madesense for people to go to bed early. If you live in this time period,you mightbe a hard-working farmer, and you would come home, eat and quickly fall intobed exhausted. You would probably go to sleep at 9:00 or 10:00 P.M. In thisfirst period of sleep---called
firstsleep--you would typically sleep until midnight or shortly afterwards. Halfwaythrough the night during a period some call the watch, or watching period. Whenyou came out of first sleep, you would stay in bed and relax quietly. You mighttalk with a bedfellow,meditate on the day's events or the meaning of a dream,or just let your mind wander. If you enjoyed writing or drawing, you might getout of bed to write a poem or story or draw a picture.
Then youwould start to feel sleepy, so would return to bed and fall asleep again foryour second sleep. This period would continue until early morning when daylightarrived. Again, with no artificial lighting in homes, people naturally woke upearly to take advantage of sunlight.
Today,human may consider divided sleep a strange habit, but sleep researchers saythat it is actually a more natural sleep pattem. Dr. Thomas Wehr of the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health has studied human sleep. He thinks thatmodem sleep problems occur because the orderly,natural way of sleep is breakingthrough the more recent continuous sleep pattem. Wehr and other scientistsbelieve that artificial lighting has altered the way people sleep. In aresearch study, he
asked 15adults to rest and sleep in darkness for 14 hours (from 6:00 P.M. to 8:00A.M.). At first,the subjects took a few hours to get to sleep, and then slept11 hours a night. Then overtime, they switched to divided sleep. They fellasleep for about 3 or 5 hours in the evening, stay awake for an
hour oftwo, and then slept again for four hours till early morning.
Unlikethe people in the study, we modem humans generally do not practice dividedsleep.However, many of us have the experience of waking up in the middle of thenight. We usually consider this a sleeping "problem", but perhaps weshould look at it as natural behavior. Divided sleep may be the way we shouldall be sleeping. A first sleep followed by a relaxation period and a secondperiod of sleep could help all of us to beat the stress of our fast-pacedlives.
What is the main idea of the text?

Peopleoften complained about not getting "a good night's sleep", but sleeppattems differ from person to person. Most adults require six to eight hours ofsleep to function well, while others survive on only a few hours. Still, mostpeople today think of sleep as one continuous period of downtime. This is notthe way people used to sleep. According to researchers in earlier times, peopledivided sleep by first sleep a few hours, waking up, then going back to sleep.
Beforethe 18th century, people had no gas or electricity in their homes. Fire,candles, or oil lamps were the common forms of lighting. This lack ofartificial lighting in homes contributed to people's sleep patterns. It madesense for people to go to bed early. If you live in this time period,you mightbe a hard-working farmer, and you would come home, eat and quickly fall intobed exhausted. You would probably go to sleep at 9:00 or 10:00 P.M. In thisfirst period of sleep---called
firstsleep--you would typically sleep until midnight or shortly afterwards. Halfwaythrough the night during a period some call the watch, or watching period. Whenyou came out of first sleep, you would stay in bed and relax quietly. You mighttalk with a bedfellow,meditate on the day's events or the meaning of a dream,or just let your mind wander. If you enjoyed writing or drawing, you might getout of bed to write a poem or story or draw a picture.
Then youwould start to feel sleepy, so would return to bed and fall asleep again foryour second sleep. This period would continue until early morning when daylightarrived. Again, with no artificial lighting in homes, people naturally woke upearly to take advantage of sunlight.
Today,human may consider divided sleep a strange habit, but sleep researchers saythat it is actually a more natural sleep pattem. Dr. Thomas Wehr of the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health has studied human sleep. He thinks thatmodem sleep problems occur because the orderly,natural way of sleep is breakingthrough the more recent continuous sleep pattem. Wehr and other scientistsbelieve that artificial lighting has altered the way people sleep. In aresearch study, he
asked 15adults to rest and sleep in darkness for 14 hours (from 6:00 P.M. to 8:00A.M.). At first,the subjects took a few hours to get to sleep, and then slept11 hours a night. Then overtime, they switched to divided sleep. They fellasleep for about 3 or 5 hours in the evening, stay awake for an
hour oftwo, and then slept again for four hours till early morning.
Unlikethe people in the study, we modem humans generally do not practice dividedsleep.However, many of us have the experience of waking up in the middle of thenight. We usually consider this a sleeping "problem", but perhaps weshould look at it as natural behavior. Divided sleep may be the way we shouldall be sleeping. A first sleep followed by a relaxation period and a secondperiod of sleep could help all of us to beat the stress of our fast-pacedlives.
Whatis the main purpose of Paragraph 2-4?

Peopleoften complained about not getting "a good night's sleep", but sleeppattems differ from person to person. Most adults require six to eight hours ofsleep to function well, while others survive on only a few hours. Still, mostpeople today think of sleep as one continuous period of downtime. This is notthe way people used to sleep. According to researchers in earlier times, peopledivided sleep by first sleep a few hours, waking up, then going back to sleep.
Beforethe 18th century, people had no gas or electricity in their homes. Fire,candles, or oil lamps were the common forms of lighting. This lack ofartificial lighting in homes contributed to people's sleep patterns. It madesense for people to go to bed early. If you live in this time period,you mightbe a hard-working farmer, and you would come home, eat and quickly fall intobed exhausted. You would probably go to sleep at 9:00 or 10:00 P.M. In thisfirst period of sleep---called
firstsleep--you would typically sleep until midnight or shortly afterwards. Halfwaythrough the night during a period some call the watch, or watching period. Whenyou came out of first sleep, you would stay in bed and relax quietly. You mighttalk with a bedfellow,meditate on the day's events or the meaning of a dream,or just let your mind wander. If you enjoyed writing or drawing, you might getout of bed to write a poem or story or draw a picture.
Then youwould start to feel sleepy, so would return to bed and fall asleep again foryour second sleep. This period would continue until early morning when daylightarrived. Again, with no artificial lighting in homes, people naturally woke upearly to take advantage of sunlight.
Today,human may consider divided sleep a strange habit, but sleep researchers saythat it is actually a more natural sleep pattem. Dr. Thomas Wehr of the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health has studied human sleep. He thinks thatmodem sleep problems occur because the orderly,natural way of sleep is breakingthrough the more recent continuous sleep pattem. Wehr and other scientistsbelieve that artificial lighting has altered the way people sleep. In aresearch study, he
asked 15adults to rest and sleep in darkness for 14 hours (from 6:00 P.M. to 8:00A.M.). At first,the subjects took a few hours to get to sleep, and then slept11 hours a night. Then overtime, they switched to divided sleep. They fellasleep for about 3 or 5 hours in the evening, stay awake for an
hour oftwo, and then slept again for four hours till early morning.
Unlikethe people in the study, we modem humans generally do not practice dividedsleep.However, many of us have the experience of waking up in the middle of thenight. We usually consider this a sleeping "problem", but perhaps weshould look at it as natural behavior. Divided sleep may be the way we shouldall be sleeping. A first sleep followed by a relaxation period and a secondperiod of sleep could help all of us to beat the stress of our fast-pacedlives.
InParagraph 5, what does the research study suggest about divided sleep?

Peopleoften complained about not getting "a good night's sleep", but sleeppattems differ from person to person. Most adults require six to eight hours ofsleep to function well, while others survive on only a few hours. Still, mostpeople today think of sleep as one continuous period of downtime. This is notthe way people used to sleep. According to researchers in earlier times, peopledivided sleep by first sleep a few hours, waking up, then going back to sleep.
Beforethe 18th century, people had no gas or electricity in their homes. Fire,candles, or oil lamps were the common forms of lighting. This lack ofartificial lighting in homes contributed to people's sleep patterns. It madesense for people to go to bed early. If you live in this time period,you mightbe a hard-working farmer, and you would come home, eat and quickly fall intobed exhausted. You would probably go to sleep at 9:00 or 10:00 P.M. In thisfirst period of sleep---called
firstsleep--you would typically sleep until midnight or shortly afterwards. Halfwaythrough the night during a period some call the watch, or watching period. Whenyou came out of first sleep, you would stay in bed and relax quietly. You mighttalk with a bedfellow,meditate on the day's events or the meaning of a dream,or just let your mind wander. If you enjoyed writing or drawing, you might getout of bed to write a poem or story or draw a picture.
Then youwould start to feel sleepy, so would return to bed and fall asleep again foryour second sleep. This period would continue until early morning when daylightarrived. Again, with no artificial lighting in homes, people naturally woke upearly to take advantage of sunlight.
Today,human may consider divided sleep a strange habit, but sleep researchers saythat it is actually a more natural sleep pattem. Dr. Thomas Wehr of the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health has studied human sleep. He thinks thatmodem sleep problems occur because the orderly,natural way of sleep is breakingthrough the more recent continuous sleep pattem. Wehr and other scientistsbelieve that artificial lighting has altered the way people sleep. In aresearch study, he
asked 15adults to rest and sleep in darkness for 14 hours (from 6:00 P.M. to 8:00A.M.). At first,the subjects took a few hours to get to sleep, and then slept11 hours a night. Then overtime, they switched to divided sleep. They fellasleep for about 3 or 5 hours in the evening, stay awake for an
hour oftwo, and then slept again for four hours till early morning.
Unlikethe people in the study, we modem humans generally do not practice dividedsleep.However, many of us have the experience of waking up in the middle of thenight. We usually consider this a sleeping "problem", but perhaps weshould look at it as natural behavior. Divided sleep may be the way we shouldall be sleeping. A first sleep followed by a relaxation period and a secondperiod of sleep could help all of us to beat the stress of our fast-pacedlives.
Whatconclusion does the writer make about divided sleep?

Peopleoften complained about not getting "a good night's sleep", but sleeppattems differ from person to person. Most adults require six to eight hours ofsleep to function well, while others survive on only a few hours. Still, mostpeople today think of sleep as one continuous period of downtime. This is notthe way people used to sleep. According to researchers in earlier times, peopledivided sleep by first sleep a few hours, waking up, then going back to sleep.
Beforethe 18th century, people had no gas or electricity in their homes. Fire,candles, or oil lamps were the common forms of lighting. This lack ofartificial lighting in homes contributed to people's sleep patterns. It madesense for people to go to bed early. If you live in this time period,you mightbe a hard-working farmer, and you would come home, eat and quickly fall intobed exhausted. You would probably go to sleep at 9:00 or 10:00 P.M. In thisfirst period of sleep---called
firstsleep--you would typically sleep until midnight or shortly afterwards. Halfwaythrough the night during a period some call the watch, or watching period. Whenyou came out of first sleep, you would stay in bed and relax quietly. You mighttalk with a bedfellow,meditate on the day's events or the meaning of a dream,or just let your mind wander. If you enjoyed writing or drawing, you might getout of bed to write a poem or story or draw a picture.
Then youwould start to feel sleepy, so would return to bed and fall asleep again foryour second sleep. This period would continue until early morning when daylightarrived. Again, with no artificial lighting in homes, people naturally woke upearly to take advantage of sunlight.
Today,human may consider divided sleep a strange habit, but sleep researchers saythat it is actually a more natural sleep pattem. Dr. Thomas Wehr of the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health has studied human sleep. He thinks thatmodem sleep problems occur because the orderly,natural way of sleep is breakingthrough the more recent continuous sleep pattem. Wehr and other scientistsbelieve that artificial lighting has altered the way people sleep. In aresearch study, he
asked 15adults to rest and sleep in darkness for 14 hours (from 6:00 P.M. to 8:00A.M.). At first,the subjects took a few hours to get to sleep, and then slept11 hours a night. Then overtime, they switched to divided sleep. They fellasleep for about 3 or 5 hours in the evening, stay awake for an
hour oftwo, and then slept again for four hours till early morning.
Unlikethe people in the study, we modem humans generally do not practice dividedsleep.However, many of us have the experience of waking up in the middle of thenight. We usually consider this a sleeping "problem", but perhaps weshould look at it as natural behavior. Divided sleep may be the way we shouldall be sleeping. A first sleep followed by a relaxation period and a secondperiod of sleep could help all of us to beat the stress of our fast-pacedlives.
Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?

Theway people work has changed. The increasing use of technology presents new and
continualchallenges to small and large businesses, employees and managers, teachers andstudents.Everyone, it seems, is being affected by the technological revolution.Store clerks, for example, now use increasingly complex computerized cash registers,while university professors must learn to adapt their teaching skills in orderto lead distance learning course.
Intoday's world, training and learning do not stop when we finish school; theymust now continue throughout our working lives. In the year 2010, the Hong Konggovernment conducted a survey on the employment concerns and training needs ofits workforce. For many managers and other professionals the biggest challenge,as well as change, in the workplace, was the increased use of computers andcomputerized machinery or equipment. Between 2008 and 2010, the need forexperienced employees who could use this kind of equipment rose drastically.Many of those in the workplace at this time experienced changes in jobrequirements and had to attend job-related training or re-training courses.
Thechanging work environment is also affecting education and how we learn. InFinland,a report on strategies for education and training in the informationage discussed the changing roles of both teacher and student. With theincreased use of technology and the growth of distance learning, the teacherhas become more of a tutor who guides a student, rather than a lecturer. Inturn,the student has to take more responsibility for his or her learning in theabsence of direct teacher
contact.The report also stressed that high school and university students should learncomputer skills in order to cope with the demands of the future workplace.
TheFinnish report also highlighted the need for teacher training, and re-training,and suggested that the salaries and job descriptions of teachers be reviewedbecause of future demands expected in their jobs. Previously universityprofessors may have held lectures between the weekday hours of 9:00 A.M. and5:00 P.M. in large halls filled with students. Now, they may spend part oftheir day lecturing larger groups of students on campus, and then conductafternoon or evening classes online,
withstudents in five different countries.
Astechnologies grow and develop, ongoing training will continue to be necessary.To be successful in the workplace, people will not stop learning when theyleave school--lifelong learning will become a way of life.
From the first paragraph of the passage we know that_______.

Theway people work has changed. The increasing use of technology presents new and
continualchallenges to small and large businesses, employees and managers, teachers andstudents.Everyone, it seems, is being affected by the technological revolution.Store clerks, for example, now use increasingly complex computerized cash registers,while university professors must learn to adapt their teaching skills in orderto lead distance learning course.
Intoday's world, training and learning do not stop when we finish school; theymust now continue throughout our working lives. In the year 2010, the Hong Konggovernment conducted a survey on the employment concerns and training needs ofits workforce. For many managers and other professionals the biggest challenge,as well as change, in the workplace, was the increased use of computers andcomputerized machinery or equipment. Between 2008 and 2010, the need forexperienced employees who could use this kind of equipment rose drastically.Many of those in the workplace at this time experienced changes in jobrequirements and had to attend job-related training or re-training courses.
Thechanging work environment is also affecting education and how we learn. InFinland,a report on strategies for education and training in the informationage discussed the changing roles of both teacher and student. With theincreased use of technology and the growth of distance learning, the teacherhas become more of a tutor who guides a student, rather than a lecturer. Inturn,the student has to take more responsibility for his or her learning in theabsence of direct teacher
contact.The report also stressed that high school and university students should learncomputer skills in order to cope with the demands of the future workplace.
TheFinnish report also highlighted the need for teacher training, and re-training,and suggested that the salaries and job descriptions of teachers be reviewedbecause of future demands expected in their jobs. Previously universityprofessors may have held lectures between the weekday hours of 9:00 A.M. and5:00 P.M. in large halls filled with students. Now, they may spend part oftheir day lecturing larger groups of students on campus, and then conductafternoon or evening classes online,
withstudents in five different countries.
Astechnologies grow and develop, ongoing training will continue to be necessary.To be successful in the workplace, people will not stop learning when theyleave school--lifelong learning will become a way of life.
Thesurvey conducted by the Hong Kong government showed that_______.

Theway people work has changed. The increasing use of technology presents new and
continualchallenges to small and large businesses, employees and managers, teachers andstudents.Everyone, it seems, is being affected by the technological revolution.Store clerks, for example, now use increasingly complex computerized cash registers,while university professors must learn to adapt their teaching skills in orderto lead distance learning course.
Intoday's world, training and learning do not stop when we finish school; theymust now continue throughout our working lives. In the year 2010, the Hong Konggovernment conducted a survey on the employment concerns and training needs ofits workforce. For many managers and other professionals the biggest challenge,as well as change, in the workplace, was the increased use of computers andcomputerized machinery or equipment. Between 2008 and 2010, the need forexperienced employees who could use this kind of equipment rose drastically.Many of those in the workplace at this time experienced changes in jobrequirements and had to attend job-related training or re-training courses.
Thechanging work environment is also affecting education and how we learn. InFinland,a report on strategies for education and training in the informationage discussed the changing roles of both teacher and student. With theincreased use of technology and the growth of distance learning, the teacherhas become more of a tutor who guides a student, rather than a lecturer. Inturn,the student has to take more responsibility for his or her learning in theabsence of direct teacher
contact.The report also stressed that high school and university students should learncomputer skills in order to cope with the demands of the future workplace.
TheFinnish report also highlighted the need for teacher training, and re-training,and suggested that the salaries and job descriptions of teachers be reviewedbecause of future demands expected in their jobs. Previously universityprofessors may have held lectures between the weekday hours of 9:00 A.M. and5:00 P.M. in large halls filled with students. Now, they may spend part oftheir day lecturing larger groups of students on campus, and then conductafternoon or evening classes online,
withstudents in five different countries.
Astechnologies grow and develop, ongoing training will continue to be necessary.To be successful in the workplace, people will not stop learning when theyleave school--lifelong learning will become a way of life.
Howdid the changing work environment change the role of the teacher according tothe Finnish report?

Theway people work has changed. The increasing use of technology presents new and
continualchallenges to small and large businesses, employees and managers, teachers andstudents.Everyone, it seems, is being affected by the technological revolution.Store clerks, for example, now use increasingly complex computerized cash registers,while university professors must learn to adapt their teaching skills in orderto lead distance learning course.
Intoday's world, training and learning do not stop when we finish school; theymust now continue throughout our working lives. In the year 2010, the Hong Konggovernment conducted a survey on the employment concerns and training needs ofits workforce. For many managers and other professionals the biggest challenge,as well as change, in the workplace, was the increased use of computers andcomputerized machinery or equipment. Between 2008 and 2010, the need forexperienced employees who could use this kind of equipment rose drastically.Many of those in the workplace at this time experienced changes in jobrequirements and had to attend job-related training or re-training courses.
Thechanging work environment is also affecting education and how we learn. InFinland,a report on strategies for education and training in the informationage discussed the changing roles of both teacher and student. With theincreased use of technology and the growth of distance learning, the teacherhas become more of a tutor who guides a student, rather than a lecturer. Inturn,the student has to take more responsibility for his or her learning in theabsence of direct teacher
contact.The report also stressed that high school and university students should learncomputer skills in order to cope with the demands of the future workplace.
TheFinnish report also highlighted the need for teacher training, and re-training,and suggested that the salaries and job descriptions of teachers be reviewedbecause of future demands expected in their jobs. Previously universityprofessors may have held lectures between the weekday hours of 9:00 A.M. and5:00 P.M. in large halls filled with students. Now, they may spend part oftheir day lecturing larger groups of students on campus, and then conductafternoon or evening classes online,
withstudents in five different countries.
Astechnologies grow and develop, ongoing training will continue to be necessary.To be successful in the workplace, people will not stop learning when theyleave school--lifelong learning will become a way of life.
Which of the following can't be used to take the place of the underlined word “highlighted”inParagraph 4?

Theway people work has changed. The increasing use of technology presents new and
continualchallenges to small and large businesses, employees and managers, teachers andstudents.Everyone, it seems, is being affected by the technological revolution.Store clerks, for example, now use increasingly complex computerized cash registers,while university professors must learn to adapt their teaching skills in orderto lead distance learning course.
Intoday's world, training and learning do not stop when we finish school; theymust now continue throughout our working lives. In the year 2010, the Hong Konggovernment conducted a survey on the employment concerns and training needs ofits workforce. For many managers and other professionals the biggest challenge,as well as change, in the workplace, was the increased use of computers andcomputerized machinery or equipment. Between 2008 and 2010, the need forexperienced employees who could use this kind of equipment rose drastically.Many of those in the workplace at this time experienced changes in jobrequirements and had to attend job-related training or re-training courses.
Thechanging work environment is also affecting education and how we learn. InFinland,a report on strategies for education and training in the informationage discussed the changing roles of both teacher and student. With theincreased use of technology and the growth of distance learning, the teacherhas become more of a tutor who guides a student, rather than a lecturer. Inturn,the student has to take more responsibility for his or her learning in theabsence of direct teacher
contact.The report also stressed that high school and university students should learncomputer skills in order to cope with the demands of the future workplace.
TheFinnish report also highlighted the need for teacher training, and re-training,and suggested that the salaries and job descriptions of teachers be reviewedbecause of future demands expected in their jobs. Previously universityprofessors may have held lectures between the weekday hours of 9:00 A.M. and5:00 P.M. in large halls filled with students. Now, they may spend part oftheir day lecturing larger groups of students on campus, and then conductafternoon or evening classes online,
withstudents in five different countries.
Astechnologies grow and develop, ongoing training will continue to be necessary.To be successful in the workplace, people will not stop learning when theyleave school--lifelong learning will become a way of life.
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

Nowand again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose mydelight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bedand lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind ofexistence. As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming socalmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzlesme. I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to have nointerest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said theynever went out for a walk. Most people or at least more Western Europeans donot seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as anirritating little habit, like sneezing or yawning.
I havenever understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my wakinglife,if only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important. As ifthere were at least two extra continents added to the world, and lightningexcursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast. Thenagain, the dream life, though queer and confusing and unsatisfactory in manyrespects, has its own advantages. The dead are there, smiling and talking. Thepart is there, sometimes all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as adaisy. And perhaps, as Mr.
Dunnetells us, the future is there too, winking at us. This dream life is oftenovershadowed by huge mysterious anxieties, with luggage that cannot be packedand trains that refuse to be caught; and both persons and scenes there are notas dependable and solid as they are in waking life, so that Brown and Smithmerge into one person while Robinson splits into two, and there are thick woodsoutside the bathroom door and the dining room is somehow part of a theaterbalcony; and there are moments of loneliness or terror in the dream world thatare worse than anything we have known under the sun. Yet this other life hasits interests, its happiness, its satisfactions, and at certain rare intervals,a serene glow or a sudden joy, like glimpses of another form of existencealtogether,that we cannot match with open eyes. Silly or wise, terrible orexcellent, it is a further helping of experience, a bonus after dark, anotherslice of life cut differently, for which, it seems to me, we are neversufficiently grateful. Only a dream! Why only? It was there and you hadit."If there were dreams to sell," Beddoes inquires, "What wouldyou pay?" I cannot say off hand, but certainly the price would be rathermore than I could afford.
When the author was young, he thought that_______.

Nowand again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose mydelight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bedand lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind ofexistence. As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming socalmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzlesme. I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to have nointerest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said theynever went out for a walk. Most people or at least more Western Europeans donot seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as anirritating little habit, like sneezing or yawning.
I havenever understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my wakinglife,if only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important. As ifthere were at least two extra continents added to the world, and lightningexcursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast. Thenagain, the dream life, though queer and confusing and unsatisfactory in manyrespects, has its own advantages. The dead are there, smiling and talking. Thepart is there, sometimes all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as adaisy. And perhaps, as Mr.
Dunnetells us, the future is there too, winking at us. This dream life is oftenovershadowed by huge mysterious anxieties, with luggage that cannot be packedand trains that refuse to be caught; and both persons and scenes there are notas dependable and solid as they are in waking life, so that Brown and Smithmerge into one person while Robinson splits into two, and there are thick woodsoutside the bathroom door and the dining room is somehow part of a theaterbalcony; and there are moments of loneliness or terror in the dream world thatare worse than anything we have known under the sun. Yet this other life hasits interests, its happiness, its satisfactions, and at certain rare intervals,a serene glow or a sudden joy, like glimpses of another form of existencealtogether,that we cannot match with open eyes. Silly or wise, terrible orexcellent, it is a further helping of experience, a bonus after dark, anotherslice of life cut differently, for which, it seems to me, we are neversufficiently grateful. Only a dream! Why only? It was there and you hadit."If there were dreams to sell," Beddoes inquires, "What wouldyou pay?" I cannot say off hand, but certainly the price would be rathermore than I could afford.
According to the author, most Western Europeans_______.

Nowand again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose mydelight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bedand lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind ofexistence. As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming socalmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzlesme. I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to have nointerest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said theynever went out for a walk. Most people or at least more Western Europeans donot seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as anirritating little habit, like sneezing or yawning.
I havenever understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my wakinglife,if only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important. As ifthere were at least two extra continents added to the world, and lightningexcursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast. Thenagain, the dream life, though queer and confusing and unsatisfactory in manyrespects, has its own advantages. The dead are there, smiling and talking. Thepart is there, sometimes all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as adaisy. And perhaps, as Mr.
Dunnetells us, the future is there too, winking at us. This dream life is oftenovershadowed by huge mysterious anxieties, with luggage that cannot be packedand trains that refuse to be caught; and both persons and scenes there are notas dependable and solid as they are in waking life, so that Brown and Smithmerge into one person while Robinson splits into two, and there are thick woodsoutside the bathroom door and the dining room is somehow part of a theaterbalcony; and there are moments of loneliness or terror in the dream world thatare worse than anything we have known under the sun. Yet this other life hasits interests, its happiness, its satisfactions, and at certain rare intervals,a serene glow or a sudden joy, like glimpses of another form of existencealtogether,that we cannot match with open eyes. Silly or wise, terrible orexcellent, it is a further helping of experience, a bonus after dark, anotherslice of life cut differently, for which, it seems to me, we are neversufficiently grateful. Only a dream! Why only? It was there and you hadit."If there were dreams to sell," Beddoes inquires, "What wouldyou pay?" I cannot say off hand, but certainly the price would be rathermore than I could afford.
Theadvantageous aspect of dreams lies in_______.

Nowand again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose mydelight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bedand lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind ofexistence. As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming socalmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzlesme. I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to have nointerest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said theynever went out for a walk. Most people or at least more Western Europeans donot seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as anirritating little habit, like sneezing or yawning.
I havenever understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my wakinglife,if only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important. As ifthere were at least two extra continents added to the world, and lightningexcursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast. Thenagain, the dream life, though queer and confusing and unsatisfactory in manyrespects, has its own advantages. The dead are there, smiling and talking. Thepart is there, sometimes all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as adaisy. And perhaps, as Mr.
Dunnetells us, the future is there too, winking at us. This dream life is oftenovershadowed by huge mysterious anxieties, with luggage that cannot be packedand trains that refuse to be caught; and both persons and scenes there are notas dependable and solid as they are in waking life, so that Brown and Smithmerge into one person while Robinson splits into two, and there are thick woodsoutside the bathroom door and the dining room is somehow part of a theaterbalcony; and there are moments of loneliness or terror in the dream world thatare worse than anything we have known under the sun. Yet this other life hasits interests, its happiness, its satisfactions, and at certain rare intervals,a serene glow or a sudden joy, like glimpses of another form of existencealtogether,that we cannot match with open eyes. Silly or wise, terrible orexcellent, it is a further helping of experience, a bonus after dark, anotherslice of life cut differently, for which, it seems to me, we are neversufficiently grateful. Only a dream! Why only? It was there and you hadit."If there were dreams to sell," Beddoes inquires, "What wouldyou pay?" I cannot say off hand, but certainly the price would be rathermore than I could afford.
Inthe author's opinion, we should thank a dream because_______.

Nowand again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose mydelight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bedand lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind ofexistence. As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming socalmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzlesme. I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to have nointerest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said theynever went out for a walk. Most people or at least more Western Europeans donot seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as anirritating little habit, like sneezing or yawning.
I havenever understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my wakinglife,if only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important. As ifthere were at least two extra continents added to the world, and lightningexcursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast. Thenagain, the dream life, though queer and confusing and unsatisfactory in manyrespects, has its own advantages. The dead are there, smiling and talking. Thepart is there, sometimes all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as adaisy. And perhaps, as Mr.
Dunnetells us, the future is there too, winking at us. This dream life is oftenovershadowed by huge mysterious anxieties, with luggage that cannot be packedand trains that refuse to be caught; and both persons and scenes there are notas dependable and solid as they are in waking life, so that Brown and Smithmerge into one person while Robinson splits into two, and there are thick woodsoutside the bathroom door and the dining room is somehow part of a theaterbalcony; and there are moments of loneliness or terror in the dream world thatare worse than anything we have known under the sun. Yet this other life hasits interests, its happiness, its satisfactions, and at certain rare intervals,a serene glow or a sudden joy, like glimpses of another form of existencealtogether,that we cannot match with open eyes. Silly or wise, terrible orexcellent, it is a further helping of experience, a bonus after dark, anotherslice of life cut differently, for which, it seems to me, we are neversufficiently grateful. Only a dream! Why only? It was there and you hadit."If there were dreams to sell," Beddoes inquires, "What wouldyou pay?" I cannot say off hand, but certainly the price would be rathermore than I could afford.
Whatcan be inferred from the author's answer to Beddoes' question?

Whenyou pick up a newspaper, you read through the headlines, titles and subtitlesquickly to get a general idea about what is written on the page and find out ifthere is anything interesting there. This skill is called_______.

Everydream is a message from your unconscious self, expressed in a code which onlyyou can understand and interpret. The images, colors, moods, and terms of yourdreams depend on your culture, upbringing, slang and your own understanding ofthings and values. Dreaming is like looking into a mirror and seeing yourselfwith your own eyes.
The firstdreams which we have after falling asleep often revolve around the day'sevents. We go through them, sorting out and discarding things we don't need toremember and gaining insight into those we do. Often, we are inspired withsuggestions that we can use to remedy the situations that plague us by day. Aswe progress through the night's dreams, they may take up more fantastic qualities,offering fanciful experiences. These often pleasant images can relieve thestress of the day. But the dream we have just before the awakening oftencontains information the subconscious mind wants to make known to theconscious. And this information, if remembered, interpreted, and understood,can serve as an important tool in our lives.
Dependingupon the content, dreams can strike us with their peculiarity, or sometimeseven their alarming nature. Some dreams haunt us for years, not only because oftheir persistence, but also primarily because we cannot explain or understandthem. Other dreams stand out with weird mixture of images, emotions andcontext, which make us remember them for life. Recurring dreams are quitecommon, and we are facing the same problem over and over again. A recurringdream is often a sign of some emotional weakness in our nature, which causes usproblems over the years.
Luciddreams are rare, but they are all about people's ability to control theirdreams. In such a dream, the dreamer becomes consciously aware that he/she isdreaming and is able to use the memory and participate in dream actions and emotions.Lucid dreams are usually enhanced in a sensory and imaginary way, and sometimescan be accompanied by pleasant music. People can learn the techniques ofcontrolling their dreams. Some historic manuscripts and records say that theability to control dreams helps a person to reach a higher degree of minddevelopment. This is what some Tibetan Buddhists and Islam followers practicedfor the purpose of elevation in consciousness.
Dreams can only be understood by the dreamer because_______.

Everydream is a message from your unconscious self, expressed in a code which onlyyou can understand and interpret. The images, colors, moods, and terms of yourdreams depend on your culture, upbringing, slang and your own understanding ofthings and values. Dreaming is like looking into a mirror and seeing yourselfwith your own eyes.
The firstdreams which we have after falling asleep often revolve around the day'sevents. We go through them, sorting out and discarding things we don't need toremember and gaining insight into those we do. Often, we are inspired withsuggestions that we can use to remedy the situations that plague us by day. Aswe progress through the night's dreams, they may take up more fantastic qualities,offering fanciful experiences. These often pleasant images can relieve thestress of the day. But the dream we have just before the awakening oftencontains information the subconscious mind wants to make known to theconscious. And this information, if remembered, interpreted, and understood,can serve as an important tool in our lives.
Dependingupon the content, dreams can strike us with their peculiarity, or sometimeseven their alarming nature. Some dreams haunt us for years, not only because oftheir persistence, but also primarily because we cannot explain or understandthem. Other dreams stand out with weird mixture of images, emotions andcontext, which make us remember them for life. Recurring dreams are quitecommon, and we are facing the same problem over and over again. A recurringdream is often a sign of some emotional weakness in our nature, which causes usproblems over the years.
Luciddreams are rare, but they are all about people's ability to control theirdreams. In such a dream, the dreamer becomes consciously aware that he/she isdreaming and is able to use the memory and participate in dream actions and emotions.Lucid dreams are usually enhanced in a sensory and imaginary way, and sometimescan be accompanied by pleasant music. People can learn the techniques ofcontrolling their dreams. Some historic manuscripts and records say that theability to control dreams helps a person to reach a higher degree of minddevelopment. This is what some Tibetan Buddhists and Islam followers practicedfor the purpose of elevation in consciousness.
According to the second paragraph, dreams_______.

Everydream is a message from your unconscious self, expressed in a code which onlyyou can understand and interpret. The images, colors, moods, and terms of yourdreams depend on your culture, upbringing, slang and your own understanding ofthings and values. Dreaming is like looking into a mirror and seeing yourselfwith your own eyes.
The firstdreams which we have after falling asleep often revolve around the day'sevents. We go through them, sorting out and discarding things we don't need toremember and gaining insight into those we do. Often, we are inspired withsuggestions that we can use to remedy the situations that plague us by day. Aswe progress through the night's dreams, they may take up more fantastic qualities,offering fanciful experiences. These often pleasant images can relieve thestress of the day. But the dream we have just before the awakening oftencontains information the subconscious mind wants to make known to theconscious. And this information, if remembered, interpreted, and understood,can serve as an important tool in our lives.
Dependingupon the content, dreams can strike us with their peculiarity, or sometimeseven their alarming nature. Some dreams haunt us for years, not only because oftheir persistence, but also primarily because we cannot explain or understandthem. Other dreams stand out with weird mixture of images, emotions andcontext, which make us remember them for life. Recurring dreams are quitecommon, and we are facing the same problem over and over again. A recurringdream is often a sign of some emotional weakness in our nature, which causes usproblems over the years.
Luciddreams are rare, but they are all about people's ability to control theirdreams. In such a dream, the dreamer becomes consciously aware that he/she isdreaming and is able to use the memory and participate in dream actions and emotions.Lucid dreams are usually enhanced in a sensory and imaginary way, and sometimescan be accompanied by pleasant music. People can learn the techniques ofcontrolling their dreams. Some historic manuscripts and records say that theability to control dreams helps a person to reach a higher degree of minddevelopment. This is what some Tibetan Buddhists and Islam followers practicedfor the purpose of elevation in consciousness.
Recurring dreams occur_______.

Everydream is a message from your unconscious self, expressed in a code which onlyyou can understand and interpret. The images, colors, moods, and terms of yourdreams depend on your culture, upbringing, slang and your own understanding ofthings and values. Dreaming is like looking into a mirror and seeing yourselfwith your own eyes.
The firstdreams which we have after falling asleep often revolve around the day'sevents. We go through them, sorting out and discarding things we don't need toremember and gaining insight into those we do. Often, we are inspired withsuggestions that we can use to remedy the situations that plague us by day. Aswe progress through the night's dreams, they may take up more fantastic qualities,offering fanciful experiences. These often pleasant images can relieve thestress of the day. But the dream we have just before the awakening oftencontains information the subconscious mind wants to make known to theconscious. And this information, if remembered, interpreted, and understood,can serve as an important tool in our lives.
Dependingupon the content, dreams can strike us with their peculiarity, or sometimeseven their alarming nature. Some dreams haunt us for years, not only because oftheir persistence, but also primarily because we cannot explain or understandthem. Other dreams stand out with weird mixture of images, emotions andcontext, which make us remember them for life. Recurring dreams are quitecommon, and we are facing the same problem over and over again. A recurringdream is often a sign of some emotional weakness in our nature, which causes usproblems over the years.
Luciddreams are rare, but they are all about people's ability to control theirdreams. In such a dream, the dreamer becomes consciously aware that he/she isdreaming and is able to use the memory and participate in dream actions and emotions.Lucid dreams are usually enhanced in a sensory and imaginary way, and sometimescan be accompanied by pleasant music. People can learn the techniques ofcontrolling their dreams. Some historic manuscripts and records say that theability to control dreams helps a person to reach a higher degree of minddevelopment. This is what some Tibetan Buddhists and Islam followers practicedfor the purpose of elevation in consciousness.
Theword “lucid” (Para.4) refers to_______.

Everydream is a message from your unconscious self, expressed in a code which onlyyou can understand and interpret. The images, colors, moods, and terms of yourdreams depend on your culture, upbringing, slang and your own understanding ofthings and values. Dreaming is like looking into a mirror and seeing yourselfwith your own eyes.
The firstdreams which we have after falling asleep often revolve around the day'sevents. We go through them, sorting out and discarding things we don't need toremember and gaining insight into those we do. Often, we are inspired withsuggestions that we can use to remedy the situations that plague us by day. Aswe progress through the night's dreams, they may take up more fantastic qualities,offering fanciful experiences. These often pleasant images can relieve thestress of the day. But the dream we have just before the awakening oftencontains information the subconscious mind wants to make known to theconscious. And this information, if remembered, interpreted, and understood,can serve as an important tool in our lives.
Dependingupon the content, dreams can strike us with their peculiarity, or sometimeseven their alarming nature. Some dreams haunt us for years, not only because oftheir persistence, but also primarily because we cannot explain or understandthem. Other dreams stand out with weird mixture of images, emotions andcontext, which make us remember them for life. Recurring dreams are quitecommon, and we are facing the same problem over and over again. A recurringdream is often a sign of some emotional weakness in our nature, which causes usproblems over the years.
Luciddreams are rare, but they are all about people's ability to control theirdreams. In such a dream, the dreamer becomes consciously aware that he/she isdreaming and is able to use the memory and participate in dream actions and emotions.Lucid dreams are usually enhanced in a sensory and imaginary way, and sometimescan be accompanied by pleasant music. People can learn the techniques ofcontrolling their dreams. Some historic manuscripts and records say that theability to control dreams helps a person to reach a higher degree of minddevelopment. This is what some Tibetan Buddhists and Islam followers practicedfor the purpose of elevation in consciousness.
Itcan be concluded from the passage that dreams offer us the potential to_______.

Comeon--Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex, But in her new bookJoin the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be apositive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizationsand officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex amongtheir peers.
The ideaseems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressurefor healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology. "Dare to be different,please don't smoke!" pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, whodesire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled atapplying peer pressure.
But onthe general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant details and not enoughexploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure sopowerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here isthat it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lastingchanges is limited and mixed.
There'sno doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negativeones--spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is asubtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we seeevery day.
Far lesscertain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's theproblem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, asin school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as_______.

Comeon--Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex, But in her new bookJoin the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be apositive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizationsand officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex amongtheir peers.
The ideaseems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressurefor healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology. "Dare to be different,please don't smoke!" pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, whodesire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled atapplying peer pressure.
But onthe general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant details and not enoughexploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure sopowerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here isthat it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lastingchanges is limited and mixed.
There'sno doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negativeones--spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is asubtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we seeevery day.
Far lesscertain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's theproblem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, asin school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should_______.

Comeon--Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex, But in her new bookJoin the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be apositive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizationsand officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex amongtheir peers.
The ideaseems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressurefor healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology. "Dare to be different,please don't smoke!" pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, whodesire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled atapplying peer pressure.
But onthe general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant details and not enoughexploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure sopowerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here isthat it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lastingchanges is limited and mixed.
There'sno doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negativeones--spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is asubtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we seeevery day.
Far lesscertain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's theproblem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, asin school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
Inthe author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to_______.

Comeon--Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex, But in her new bookJoin the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be apositive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizationsand officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex amongtheir peers.
The ideaseems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressurefor healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology. "Dare to be different,please don't smoke!" pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, whodesire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled atapplying peer pressure.
But onthe general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant details and not enoughexploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure sopowerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here isthat it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lastingchanges is limited and mixed.
There'sno doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negativeones--spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is asubtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we seeevery day.
Far lesscertain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's theproblem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, asin school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors_______.

Comeon--Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex, But in her new bookJoin the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be apositive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizationsand officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex amongtheir peers.
The ideaseems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressurefor healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology. "Dare to be different,please don't smoke!" pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, whodesire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled atapplying peer pressure.
But onthe general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant details and not enoughexploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure sopowerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here isthat it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lastingchanges is limited and mixed.
There'sno doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negativeones--spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is asubtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we seeevery day.
Far lesscertain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's theproblem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, asin school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
Theauthor suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressureis_______.

I amone of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice weshould prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a largecity. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job ! wouldimmediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepyvillage buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can befrightening places. The majority of the population live in massive towerblocks,noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tendsto disappear when you
livefifteen floors up. All you can see from your windows is sky, or other blocks offlats. Children become aggressive and nervous--cooped up at home all day, withnowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all kneweach other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even sayhello
to eachother.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolatedexistence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of smallvillages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is alwayssomeone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also truethat you are from the exciting and important events that take place in cities.There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shoppingbecomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you haveto go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leavesfor the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness andquiet.
What,then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, butsuffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling ofisolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its mainadvantages is that you are at the centre of things; and that life doesn't cometo an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought)a compromise
betweenthe two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" byleaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of largecities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers theyleave behind--they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvementwhich they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
What is the main idea of the first paragraph?

I amone of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice weshould prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a largecity. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job ! wouldimmediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepyvillage buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can befrightening places. The majority of the population live in massive towerblocks,noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tendsto disappear when you
livefifteen floors up. All you can see from your windows is sky, or other blocks offlats. Children become aggressive and nervous--cooped up at home all day, withnowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all kneweach other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even sayhello
to eachother.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolatedexistence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of smallvillages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is alwayssomeone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also truethat you are from the exciting and important events that take place in cities.There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shoppingbecomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you haveto go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leavesfor the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness andquiet.
What,then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, butsuffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling ofisolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its mainadvantages is that you are at the centre of things; and that life doesn't cometo an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought)a compromise
betweenthe two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" byleaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of largecities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers theyleave behind--they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvementwhich they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
According to the author, why are cities frightening?

I amone of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice weshould prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a largecity. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job ! wouldimmediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepyvillage buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can befrightening places. The majority of the population live in massive towerblocks,noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tendsto disappear when you
livefifteen floors up. All you can see from your windows is sky, or other blocks offlats. Children become aggressive and nervous--cooped up at home all day, withnowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all kneweach other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even sayhello
to eachother.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolatedexistence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of smallvillages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is alwayssomeone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also truethat you are from the exciting and important events that take place in cities.There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shoppingbecomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you haveto go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leavesfor the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness andquiet.
What,then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, butsuffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling ofisolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its mainadvantages is that you are at the centre of things; and that life doesn't cometo an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought)a compromise
betweenthe two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" byleaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of largecities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers theyleave behind--they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvementwhich they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
Which of the following is not the disadvantage of country life?

I amone of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice weshould prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a largecity. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job ! wouldimmediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepyvillage buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can befrightening places. The majority of the population live in massive towerblocks,noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tendsto disappear when you
livefifteen floors up. All you can see from your windows is sky, or other blocks offlats. Children become aggressive and nervous--cooped up at home all day, withnowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all kneweach other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even sayhello
to eachother.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolatedexistence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of smallvillages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is alwayssomeone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also truethat you are from the exciting and important events that take place in cities.There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shoppingbecomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you haveto go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leavesfor the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness andquiet.
What,then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, butsuffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling ofisolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its mainadvantages is that you are at the centre of things; and that life doesn't cometo an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought)a compromise
betweenthe two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" byleaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of largecities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers theyleave behind--they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvementwhich they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
Whatdoes the last sentence of this passage mean?

I amone of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice weshould prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a largecity. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job ! wouldimmediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepyvillage buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can befrightening places. The majority of the population live in massive towerblocks,noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tendsto disappear when you
livefifteen floors up. All you can see from your windows is sky, or other blocks offlats. Children become aggressive and nervous--cooped up at home all day, withnowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all kneweach other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even sayhello
to eachother.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolatedexistence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of smallvillages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is alwayssomeone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also truethat you are from the exciting and important events that take place in cities.There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shoppingbecomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you haveto go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leavesfor the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness andquiet.
What,then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, butsuffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling ofisolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its mainadvantages is that you are at the centre of things; and that life doesn't cometo an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought)a compromise
betweenthe two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" byleaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of largecities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers theyleave behind--they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvementwhich they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
Thebest title of the passage may be_______.

Tolive in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf'sassertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application ofknowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet wewould do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it doesnot exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physicalobject. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machineparts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.For a bird looking foran object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well.
Theexplosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident atChernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases inwhich well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand toset them right. Since technology is a human creation,we are responsible forwhat is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventuallyto blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this fordecades,and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether wewill continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, theimpact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Fewtechnological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than thecomputer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specializedmachines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are thosewho assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same campas other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that itwas not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that itled to great social change.
It gaverise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in whichwealth was not confined to the few.
Insomewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure ofAmerican life, particularly as they free the human mind and open newpossibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolutionsupplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanicalmethods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace someaspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it's thecapacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions thatrepresents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties inpredicting the impact on society.
According to the passage, when will a spear or a robot has the quality oftechnology?

Tolive in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf'sassertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application ofknowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet wewould do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it doesnot exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physicalobject. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machineparts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.For a bird looking foran object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well.
Theexplosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident atChernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases inwhich well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand toset them right. Since technology is a human creation,we are responsible forwhat is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventuallyto blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this fordecades,and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether wewill continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, theimpact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Fewtechnological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than thecomputer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specializedmachines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are thosewho assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same campas other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that itwas not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that itled to great social change.
It gaverise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in whichwealth was not confined to the few.
Insomewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure ofAmerican life, particularly as they free the human mind and open newpossibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolutionsupplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanicalmethods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace someaspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it's thecapacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions thatrepresents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties inpredicting the impact on society.
Whydoes the author mention the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and theRussian nuclear accident at Chernobyl?

Tolive in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf'sassertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application ofknowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet wewould do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it doesnot exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physicalobject. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machineparts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.For a bird looking foran object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well.
Theexplosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident atChernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases inwhich well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand toset them right. Since technology is a human creation,we are responsible forwhat is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventuallyto blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this fordecades,and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether wewill continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, theimpact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Fewtechnological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than thecomputer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specializedmachines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are thosewho assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same campas other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that itwas not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that itled to great social change.
It gaverise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in whichwealth was not confined to the few.
Insomewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure ofAmerican life, particularly as they free the human mind and open newpossibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolutionsupplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanicalmethods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace someaspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it's thecapacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions thatrepresents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties inpredicting the impact on society.
Theauthor considers the introduction of the computer as a revolution mainly
because_______.

Tolive in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf'sassertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application ofknowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet wewould do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it doesnot exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physicalobject. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machineparts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.For a bird looking foran object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well.
Theexplosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident atChernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases inwhich well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand toset them right. Since technology is a human creation,we are responsible forwhat is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventuallyto blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this fordecades,and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether wewill continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, theimpact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Fewtechnological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than thecomputer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specializedmachines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are thosewho assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same campas other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that itwas not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that itled to great social change.
It gaverise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in whichwealth was not confined to the few.
Insomewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure ofAmerican life, particularly as they free the human mind and open newpossibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolutionsupplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanicalmethods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace someaspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it's thecapacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions thatrepresents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties inpredicting the impact on society.
Byusing the phrase "the human quality of technology" , the authorrefers to the fact that
technology_______.

Tolive in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf'sassertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application ofknowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet wewould do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it doesnot exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physicalobject. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machineparts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.For a bird looking foran object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well.
Theexplosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident atChernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases inwhich well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand toset them right. Since technology is a human creation,we are responsible forwhat is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventuallyto blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this fordecades,and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether wewill continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, theimpact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Fewtechnological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than thecomputer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specializedmachines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are thosewho assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same campas other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that itwas not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that itled to great social change.
It gaverise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in whichwealth was not confined to the few.
Insomewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure ofAmerican life, particularly as they free the human mind and open newpossibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolutionsupplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanicalmethods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace someaspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it's thecapacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions thatrepresents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties inpredicting the impact on society.
Thepassage is based on the author's_______.

Cohesion is a concept in relation to_______.

Teachers can apply all of the following methods to teaching stressexcept_______.

Whena teacher teaches the word “famous” , he/she teaches two collocations “befamous for” and “be famous as” . The teacher attaches importance to_______.

Which of the following statements about the Grammar Translation Method isincorrect?

Thereare people who are especially attracted to the notion of "climbing theladder" so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense ofself-worth. In part, as a result of the work ethic,these people are internally"driven" to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observedthat Americans spend an inordinate (过度的) amount of time working and, as aconsequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships.In American English, a new word "workaholic"
has beencreated to describe an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic isto liquor.
Thereare conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problemsof mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally.Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they areextremely productive. The American culture values achievement, efficiency, andproduction--a workaholic supports these values.
Despitethe presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the UnitedStates that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Manypeople have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job isso important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary.Consequently, there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being givento personal relationships and non-work activities.Increased leisure time in theUnited States has not changed the idea that work and play are distinctactivities. There is a belief that it is desirable "to work hard and playhard" and undesirable
tocombine the two. In many offices, stores and factories socializing amongemployees is discouraged. An employee under pressure at work often cannotafford to respond to social calls and visits. However, the amount of personalcontact on the job depends on the nature of the work.
Peopleare ambivalent toward work; it is, at the same time, glorified and belittled.In the words
offormer President Richard Nixon: "The 'work ethic' holds that labor is goodin itself; that a man or woman becomes a better person by virtue of the act ofworking. America's competitive spirit,the 'work ethic' of this people, is aliveand well ..." Another viewpoint is expressed in an Anacin commercial:"I like my job and am good at it, but it sure grinds me down (折磨) sometimes, and the lastthing I need to take home is a headache."
The author states that workaholics_______.

Thereare people who are especially attracted to the notion of "climbing theladder" so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense ofself-worth. In part, as a result of the work ethic,these people are internally"driven" to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observedthat Americans spend an inordinate (过度的) amount of time working and, as aconsequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships.In American English, a new word "workaholic"
has beencreated to describe an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic isto liquor.
Thereare conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problemsof mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally.Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they areextremely productive. The American culture values achievement, efficiency, andproduction--a workaholic supports these values.
Despitethe presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the UnitedStates that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Manypeople have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job isso important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary.Consequently, there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being givento personal relationships and non-work activities.Increased leisure time in theUnited States has not changed the idea that work and play are distinctactivities. There is a belief that it is desirable "to work hard and playhard" and undesirable
tocombine the two. In many offices, stores and factories socializing amongemployees is discouraged. An employee under pressure at work often cannotafford to respond to social calls and visits. However, the amount of personalcontact on the job depends on the nature of the work.
Peopleare ambivalent toward work; it is, at the same time, glorified and belittled.In the words
offormer President Richard Nixon: "The 'work ethic' holds that labor is goodin itself; that a man or woman becomes a better person by virtue of the act ofworking. America's competitive spirit,the 'work ethic' of this people, is aliveand well ..." Another viewpoint is expressed in an Anacin commercial:"I like my job and am good at it, but it sure grinds me down (折磨) sometimes, and the lastthing I need to take home is a headache."
Whyhave some people begun to place less emphasis on work and more on non-work
activities?

Thereare people who are especially attracted to the notion of "climbing theladder" so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense ofself-worth. In part, as a result of the work ethic,these people are internally"driven" to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observedthat Americans spend an inordinate (过度的) amount of time working and, as aconsequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships.In American English, a new word "workaholic"
has beencreated to describe an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic isto liquor.
Thereare conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problemsof mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally.Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they areextremely productive. The American culture values achievement, efficiency, andproduction--a workaholic supports these values.
Despitethe presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the UnitedStates that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Manypeople have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job isso important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary.Consequently, there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being givento personal relationships and non-work activities.Increased leisure time in theUnited States has not changed the idea that work and play are distinctactivities. There is a belief that it is desirable "to work hard and playhard" and undesirable
tocombine the two. In many offices, stores and factories socializing amongemployees is discouraged. An employee under pressure at work often cannotafford to respond to social calls and visits. However, the amount of personalcontact on the job depends on the nature of the work.
Peopleare ambivalent toward work; it is, at the same time, glorified and belittled.In the words
offormer President Richard Nixon: "The 'work ethic' holds that labor is goodin itself; that a man or woman becomes a better person by virtue of the act ofworking. America's competitive spirit,the 'work ethic' of this people, is aliveand well ..." Another viewpoint is expressed in an Anacin commercial:"I like my job and am good at it, but it sure grinds me down (折磨) sometimes, and the lastthing I need to take home is a headache."
Thereason why some people don't socialize with their co-workers on the job is that_______.

Thereare people who are especially attracted to the notion of "climbing theladder" so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense ofself-worth. In part, as a result of the work ethic,these people are internally"driven" to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observedthat Americans spend an inordinate (过度的) amount of time working and, as aconsequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships.In American English, a new word "workaholic"
has beencreated to describe an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic isto liquor.
Thereare conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problemsof mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally.Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they areextremely productive. The American culture values achievement, efficiency, andproduction--a workaholic supports these values.
Despitethe presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the UnitedStates that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Manypeople have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job isso important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary.Consequently, there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being givento personal relationships and non-work activities.Increased leisure time in theUnited States has not changed the idea that work and play are distinctactivities. There is a belief that it is desirable "to work hard and playhard" and undesirable
tocombine the two. In many offices, stores and factories socializing amongemployees is discouraged. An employee under pressure at work often cannotafford to respond to social calls and visits. However, the amount of personalcontact on the job depends on the nature of the work.
Peopleare ambivalent toward work; it is, at the same time, glorified and belittled.In the words
offormer President Richard Nixon: "The 'work ethic' holds that labor is goodin itself; that a man or woman becomes a better person by virtue of the act ofworking. America's competitive spirit,the 'work ethic' of this people, is aliveand well ..." Another viewpoint is expressed in an Anacin commercial:"I like my job and am good at it, but it sure grinds me down (折磨) sometimes, and the lastthing I need to take home is a headache."
Thedifference between Nixon's view of work and the view expressed on the TV commercialfor Anacin is that_______.

Thereare people who are especially attracted to the notion of "climbing theladder" so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense ofself-worth. In part, as a result of the work ethic,these people are internally"driven" to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observedthat Americans spend an inordinate (过度的) amount of time working and, as aconsequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships.In American English, a new word "workaholic"
has beencreated to describe an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic isto liquor.
Thereare conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problemsof mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally.Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they areextremely productive. The American culture values achievement, efficiency, andproduction--a workaholic supports these values.
Despitethe presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the UnitedStates that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Manypeople have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job isso important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary.Consequently, there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being givento personal relationships and non-work activities.Increased leisure time in theUnited States has not changed the idea that work and play are distinctactivities. There is a belief that it is desirable "to work hard and playhard" and undesirable
tocombine the two. In many offices, stores and factories socializing amongemployees is discouraged. An employee under pressure at work often cannotafford to respond to social calls and visits. However, the amount of personalcontact on the job depends on the nature of the work.
Peopleare ambivalent toward work; it is, at the same time, glorified and belittled.In the words
offormer President Richard Nixon: "The 'work ethic' holds that labor is goodin itself; that a man or woman becomes a better person by virtue of the act ofworking. America's competitive spirit,the 'work ethic' of this people, is aliveand well ..." Another viewpoint is expressed in an Anacin commercial:"I like my job and am good at it, but it sure grinds me down (折磨) sometimes, and the lastthing I need to take home is a headache."
Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Thelights go out--another power failure. "Get the candles," Mom says,and I do. My younger brother and I search every room to collect the tallcandles and holders (烛台) spaced around the house. I hurry from shelf to shelf gathering wax蜡) sticks in my arms and place them in the living room,a few candles in each comer except for a small red votive. That one I keep. Itis the one I will take to the coffee table to use to read. I slide my book,Things Fall Apart, beside the candle holder,
determinedto finish the last three chapters, but lacking determination. So the bookremains closed.A sigh escapes my brother's lips.
"Thisis boring," he says. A drop of wax falls on my book. "I know," Isay, but really, I am enjoying the stillness. I like to watch the candle bumand feel that life is simple. I like to look out of the window into animmediate darkness unspoiled by unpleasant light. I love these silent moments
when Ifeel as if I can live the way they lived, the people of the past--theEgyptians, the Pilgrims (朝圣者), the Greeks--anyone who ever lived to see the black color I'mseeing, anyone who lived to see a yellow flame and depended on it. I feel atonce with a secret, ancient age. I'm convinced that night, in this disturbedstate, is the closest a person can get to experience the past.
So, whatwas night really like for them? Night, as we know it now, is a pleasant, lovingthing compared to the incomprehensible darkness that covered Earth's firstpeople. Even its beauty seemed unmatched.
What dida farmer's family do at night? Of course, the darkness must have brought them together,forced them into each other's company as it has done to us tonight--developed aclose relationship in a time of fear and uncertainty. A fire probably burntbrightly in a central room where the family gathered to talk and relax. Nightwas a time when men and women were liberated from work and socialized. They hadno computers or TVs, and had to make do with books, religion, and conversation.At their bedside, they prayed to God, and felt a sense of security that theywere out of the darkness and harm's reach.
Nevertheless,to run a risk of going outside was sometimes necessary, and the threat ofrobbers,wolves, even the ethereal (太空精灵), was present. What emotions did thesepeople feel? Did they witness a deep bright blue cloud across heaven? Whatwould it have been like to feel the night,heavy and damp against my back? Wouldit have taken me, choked me with its powerful hands,separated me from otherpeople? Or would those have been awful dreams, and dreams only?
Iimagine a young girl, stepping outside her home and into a desert for some air.A cool,earthy smell would greet her. There's a sky with millions of stars--farmore than a person could see today--and there's the moon. It's the largestobject in the sky, the midnight sun that shines in the world, the traveler'storch. It inspires stories of uncertainty, stories of power. I imagine thisgirl amazed at the moon and stars. If she wanders too far, she needn't worry,for the stars will lead her
backhome.
Bzzz!The lights return. Everyone cheers and abandons the room, happy that theirperiod of being lonely is over, everyone except me. I pull my candle closer,and stare into the night. The glory is gone; it has been made less bright bystreet lamps, electric signs, TVs, and all other manners of artificial light.But in those moments, when every light in every house was off, people may havehad a taste of the old world. They may finally have touched upon the slightfear, the admiration, and there spect that our ancestors felt for the night.
We can learn from the passage that the writer thinks the power failure_______.

Thelights go out--another power failure. "Get the candles," Mom says,and I do. My younger brother and I search every room to collect the tallcandles and holders (烛台) spaced around the house. I hurry from shelf to shelf gathering wax蜡) sticks in my arms and place them in the living room,a few candles in each comer except for a small red votive. That one I keep. Itis the one I will take to the coffee table to use to read. I slide my book,Things Fall Apart, beside the candle holder,
determinedto finish the last three chapters, but lacking determination. So the bookremains closed.A sigh escapes my brother's lips.
"Thisis boring," he says. A drop of wax falls on my book. "I know," Isay, but really, I am enjoying the stillness. I like to watch the candle bumand feel that life is simple. I like to look out of the window into animmediate darkness unspoiled by unpleasant light. I love these silent moments
when Ifeel as if I can live the way they lived, the people of the past--theEgyptians, the Pilgrims (朝圣者), the Greeks--anyone who ever lived to see the black color I'mseeing, anyone who lived to see a yellow flame and depended on it. I feel atonce with a secret, ancient age. I'm convinced that night, in this disturbedstate, is the closest a person can get to experience the past.
So, whatwas night really like for them? Night, as we know it now, is a pleasant, lovingthing compared to the incomprehensible darkness that covered Earth's firstpeople. Even its beauty seemed unmatched.
What dida farmer's family do at night? Of course, the darkness must have brought them together,forced them into each other's company as it has done to us tonight--developed aclose relationship in a time of fear and uncertainty. A fire probably burntbrightly in a central room where the family gathered to talk and relax. Nightwas a time when men and women were liberated from work and socialized. They hadno computers or TVs, and had to make do with books, religion, and conversation.At their bedside, they prayed to God, and felt a sense of security that theywere out of the darkness and harm's reach.
Nevertheless,to run a risk of going outside was sometimes necessary, and the threat ofrobbers,wolves, even the ethereal (太空精灵), was present. What emotions did thesepeople feel? Did they witness a deep bright blue cloud across heaven? Whatwould it have been like to feel the night,heavy and damp against my back? Wouldit have taken me, choked me with its powerful hands,separated me from otherpeople? Or would those have been awful dreams, and dreams only?
Iimagine a young girl, stepping outside her home and into a desert for some air.A cool,earthy smell would greet her. There's a sky with millions of stars--farmore than a person could see today--and there's the moon. It's the largestobject in the sky, the midnight sun that shines in the world, the traveler'storch. It inspires stories of uncertainty, stories of power. I imagine thisgirl amazed at the moon and stars. If she wanders too far, she needn't worry,for the stars will lead her
backhome.
Bzzz!The lights return. Everyone cheers and abandons the room, happy that theirperiod of being lonely is over, everyone except me. I pull my candle closer,and stare into the night. The glory is gone; it has been made less bright bystreet lamps, electric signs, TVs, and all other manners of artificial light.But in those moments, when every light in every house was off, people may havehad a taste of the old world. They may finally have touched upon the slightfear, the admiration, and there spect that our ancestors felt for the night.
Bysaying “This is boring” (Paragraph 2), the writer's brother most probably meansthat_______.

Thelights go out--another power failure. "Get the candles," Mom says,and I do. My younger brother and I search every room to collect the tallcandles and holders (烛台) spaced around the house. I hurry from shelf to shelf gathering wax蜡) sticks in my arms and place them in the living room,a few candles in each comer except for a small red votive. That one I keep. Itis the one I will take to the coffee table to use to read. I slide my book,Things Fall Apart, beside the candle holder,
determinedto finish the last three chapters, but lacking determination. So the bookremains closed.A sigh escapes my brother's lips.
"Thisis boring," he says. A drop of wax falls on my book. "I know," Isay, but really, I am enjoying the stillness. I like to watch the candle bumand feel that life is simple. I like to look out of the window into animmediate darkness unspoiled by unpleasant light. I love these silent moments
when Ifeel as if I can live the way they lived, the people of the past--theEgyptians, the Pilgrims (朝圣者), the Greeks--anyone who ever lived to see the black color I'mseeing, anyone who lived to see a yellow flame and depended on it. I feel atonce with a secret, ancient age. I'm convinced that night, in this disturbedstate, is the closest a person can get to experience the past.
So, whatwas night really like for them? Night, as we know it now, is a pleasant, lovingthing compared to the incomprehensible darkness that covered Earth's firstpeople. Even its beauty seemed unmatched.
What dida farmer's family do at night? Of course, the darkness must have brought them together,forced them into each other's company as it has done to us tonight--developed aclose relationship in a time of fear and uncertainty. A fire probably burntbrightly in a central room where the family gathered to talk and relax. Nightwas a time when men and women were liberated from work and socialized. They hadno computers or TVs, and had to make do with books, religion, and conversation.At their bedside, they prayed to God, and felt a sense of security that theywere out of the darkness and harm's reach.
Nevertheless,to run a risk of going outside was sometimes necessary, and the threat ofrobbers,wolves, even the ethereal (太空精灵), was present. What emotions did thesepeople feel? Did they witness a deep bright blue cloud across heaven? Whatwould it have been like to feel the night,heavy and damp against my back? Wouldit have taken me, choked me with its powerful hands,separated me from otherpeople? Or would those have been awful dreams, and dreams only?
Iimagine a young girl, stepping outside her home and into a desert for some air.A cool,earthy smell would greet her. There's a sky with millions of stars--farmore than a person could see today--and there's the moon. It's the largestobject in the sky, the midnight sun that shines in the world, the traveler'storch. It inspires stories of uncertainty, stories of power. I imagine thisgirl amazed at the moon and stars. If she wanders too far, she needn't worry,for the stars will lead her
backhome.
Bzzz!The lights return. Everyone cheers and abandons the room, happy that theirperiod of being lonely is over, everyone except me. I pull my candle closer,and stare into the night. The glory is gone; it has been made less bright bystreet lamps, electric signs, TVs, and all other manners of artificial light.But in those moments, when every light in every house was off, people may havehad a taste of the old world. They may finally have touched upon the slightfear, the admiration, and there spect that our ancestors felt for the night.
FromParagraph 4, we can learn that the farmers of the past_______.

Thelights go out--another power failure. "Get the candles," Mom says,and I do. My younger brother and I search every room to collect the tallcandles and holders (烛台) spaced around the house. I hurry from shelf to shelf gathering wax蜡) sticks in my arms and place them in the living room,a few candles in each comer except for a small red votive. That one I keep. Itis the one I will take to the coffee table to use to read. I slide my book,Things Fall Apart, beside the candle holder,
determinedto finish the last three chapters, but lacking determination. So the bookremains closed.A sigh escapes my brother's lips.
"Thisis boring," he says. A drop of wax falls on my book. "I know," Isay, but really, I am enjoying the stillness. I like to watch the candle bumand feel that life is simple. I like to look out of the window into animmediate darkness unspoiled by unpleasant light. I love these silent moments
when Ifeel as if I can live the way they lived, the people of the past--theEgyptians, the Pilgrims (朝圣者), the Greeks--anyone who ever lived to see the black color I'mseeing, anyone who lived to see a yellow flame and depended on it. I feel atonce with a secret, ancient age. I'm convinced that night, in this disturbedstate, is the closest a person can get to experience the past.
So, whatwas night really like for them? Night, as we know it now, is a pleasant, lovingthing compared to the incomprehensible darkness that covered Earth's firstpeople. Even its beauty seemed unmatched.
What dida farmer's family do at night? Of course, the darkness must have brought them together,forced them into each other's company as it has done to us tonight--developed aclose relationship in a time of fear and uncertainty. A fire probably burntbrightly in a central room where the family gathered to talk and relax. Nightwas a time when men and women were liberated from work and socialized. They hadno computers or TVs, and had to make do with books, religion, and conversation.At their bedside, they prayed to God, and felt a sense of security that theywere out of the darkness and harm's reach.
Nevertheless,to run a risk of going outside was sometimes necessary, and the threat ofrobbers,wolves, even the ethereal (太空精灵), was present. What emotions did thesepeople feel? Did they witness a deep bright blue cloud across heaven? Whatwould it have been like to feel the night,heavy and damp against my back? Wouldit have taken me, choked me with its powerful hands,separated me from otherpeople? Or would those have been awful dreams, and dreams only?
Iimagine a young girl, stepping outside her home and into a desert for some air.A cool,earthy smell would greet her. There's a sky with millions of stars--farmore than a person could see today--and there's the moon. It's the largestobject in the sky, the midnight sun that shines in the world, the traveler'storch. It inspires stories of uncertainty, stories of power. I imagine thisgirl amazed at the moon and stars. If she wanders too far, she needn't worry,for the stars will lead her
backhome.
Bzzz!The lights return. Everyone cheers and abandons the room, happy that theirperiod of being lonely is over, everyone except me. I pull my candle closer,and stare into the night. The glory is gone; it has been made less bright bystreet lamps, electric signs, TVs, and all other manners of artificial light.But in those moments, when every light in every house was off, people may havehad a taste of the old world. They may finally have touched upon the slightfear, the admiration, and there spect that our ancestors felt for the night.
Itcan be inferred that when they stayed outside at night, the people of thepast_______.

Thelights go out--another power failure. "Get the candles," Mom says,and I do. My younger brother and I search every room to collect the tallcandles and holders (烛台) spaced around the house. I hurry from shelf to shelf gathering wax蜡) sticks in my arms and place them in the living room,a few candles in each comer except for a small red votive. That one I keep. Itis the one I will take to the coffee table to use to read. I slide my book,Things Fall Apart, beside the candle holder,
determinedto finish the last three chapters, but lacking determination. So the bookremains closed.A sigh escapes my brother's lips.
"Thisis boring," he says. A drop of wax falls on my book. "I know," Isay, but really, I am enjoying the stillness. I like to watch the candle bumand feel that life is simple. I like to look out of the window into animmediate darkness unspoiled by unpleasant light. I love these silent moments
when Ifeel as if I can live the way they lived, the people of the past--theEgyptians, the Pilgrims (朝圣者), the Greeks--anyone who ever lived to see the black color I'mseeing, anyone who lived to see a yellow flame and depended on it. I feel atonce with a secret, ancient age. I'm convinced that night, in this disturbedstate, is the closest a person can get to experience the past.
So, whatwas night really like for them? Night, as we know it now, is a pleasant, lovingthing compared to the incomprehensible darkness that covered Earth's firstpeople. Even its beauty seemed unmatched.
What dida farmer's family do at night? Of course, the darkness must have brought them together,forced them into each other's company as it has done to us tonight--developed aclose relationship in a time of fear and uncertainty. A fire probably burntbrightly in a central room where the family gathered to talk and relax. Nightwas a time when men and women were liberated from work and socialized. They hadno computers or TVs, and had to make do with books, religion, and conversation.At their bedside, they prayed to God, and felt a sense of security that theywere out of the darkness and harm's reach.
Nevertheless,to run a risk of going outside was sometimes necessary, and the threat ofrobbers,wolves, even the ethereal (太空精灵), was present. What emotions did thesepeople feel? Did they witness a deep bright blue cloud across heaven? Whatwould it have been like to feel the night,heavy and damp against my back? Wouldit have taken me, choked me with its powerful hands,separated me from otherpeople? Or would those have been awful dreams, and dreams only?
Iimagine a young girl, stepping outside her home and into a desert for some air.A cool,earthy smell would greet her. There's a sky with millions of stars--farmore than a person could see today--and there's the moon. It's the largestobject in the sky, the midnight sun that shines in the world, the traveler'storch. It inspires stories of uncertainty, stories of power. I imagine thisgirl amazed at the moon and stars. If she wanders too far, she needn't worry,for the stars will lead her
backhome.
Bzzz!The lights return. Everyone cheers and abandons the room, happy that theirperiod of being lonely is over, everyone except me. I pull my candle closer,and stare into the night. The glory is gone; it has been made less bright bystreet lamps, electric signs, TVs, and all other manners of artificial light.But in those moments, when every light in every house was off, people may havehad a taste of the old world. They may finally have touched upon the slightfear, the admiration, and there spect that our ancestors felt for the night.
Thewriter makes up the story of a young girl in order to_______.

Whenteachers teach pronunciation to students, which of the following suggestions isuseless?

If ateacher says a key word “travel” and asks students to write down all the wordsthey can think of connected with “travel” in two minutes. What kind of methoddoes the teacher take to consolidate the students' vocabulary?

Frenchmenattach great importance to education. They regard the cultivation of children asa social obligation. French education mixes warm romantic humor into itscareful and severe education. I have ever heard such a story:
It tookplace in an ordinary French family. One day, when the boy was playingbasketball,the ball hit a vase off the shelf with its mouth knocked off a largepiece. The vase was an antique handed down through generations from BourbonDynasty. To cover the great trouble, the boy glued the pieces together and putthe vase back to its place panic-stricken.
Thatevening his mother noticed the change on it. At dinnertime, she asked her boyif he had broken the vase. Being scared of punishment, the boy said by a suddeninspiration that a cat jumped in from the window and knocked the vase off theshelf. His mother was quite clear that her son waslying, for all the windowswere closed before her leaving. However, she just said that it seemed it washer carelessness not to have the window tightly closed.
Beforegoing to bed, the boy found a note on his bed, on which he was asked to go tothe study.The boy had thought he had gotten by under false pretences, but thenfelt he couldn't dodge the misfortune. Now that he had already lied, he made uphis mind no matter what his mother said, he would disavow to the end.
Onseeing her son enter in fear, his mother took out a chocolate box and gave onepiece of the chocolates to her son. "Baker, this chocolate is a reward foryou, for you created a cat with your special imagination." Then, she putanother chocolate in his hand. "This chocolate is a reward for yourability to restore. But the glue you used is for restoring paper materials; torestore a vase needs higher special technique. Tomorrow, let's bring the vaseto the artists to see how they make a
craftworkintact as it was." With that, she took the third chocolate. "The lastchocolate stands for my apology. I shouldn't have laid a vase in a place whereit could so easily fall down. I wish you hadn't been scared, my littlesweetheart."
"But,Mom, I ..." The boy tried to make something clear, but he awkwardlyuttered nothing but some words. "Our talk is over. Good night,Baker!" She gave a soft kiss on his forehead and walked out of the study.
Thefollowing days were the same as before. The only change was that the boy hadnever told a lie since then.
Noscolding. It looks unimaginably queer. In fact, the three chocolates are thealarm in the boy's heart all the time. Sometimes, no punishment itself is akind of punishment.
Howdid the boy feel when he found the note on his bed?

Frenchmenattach great importance to education. They regard the cultivation of children asa social obligation. French education mixes warm romantic humor into itscareful and severe education. I have ever heard such a story:
It tookplace in an ordinary French family. One day, when the boy was playingbasketball,the ball hit a vase off the shelf with its mouth knocked off a largepiece. The vase was an antique handed down through generations from BourbonDynasty. To cover the great trouble, the boy glued the pieces together and putthe vase back to its place panic-stricken.
Thatevening his mother noticed the change on it. At dinnertime, she asked her boyif he had broken the vase. Being scared of punishment, the boy said by a suddeninspiration that a cat jumped in from the window and knocked the vase off theshelf. His mother was quite clear that her son waslying, for all the windowswere closed before her leaving. However, she just said that it seemed it washer carelessness not to have the window tightly closed.
Beforegoing to bed, the boy found a note on his bed, on which he was asked to go tothe study.The boy had thought he had gotten by under false pretences, but thenfelt he couldn't dodge the misfortune. Now that he had already lied, he made uphis mind no matter what his mother said, he would disavow to the end.
Onseeing her son enter in fear, his mother took out a chocolate box and gave onepiece of the chocolates to her son. "Baker, this chocolate is a reward foryou, for you created a cat with your special imagination." Then, she putanother chocolate in his hand. "This chocolate is a reward for yourability to restore. But the glue you used is for restoring paper materials; torestore a vase needs higher special technique. Tomorrow, let's bring the vaseto the artists to see how they make a
craftworkintact as it was." With that, she took the third chocolate. "The lastchocolate stands for my apology. I shouldn't have laid a vase in a place whereit could so easily fall down. I wish you hadn't been scared, my littlesweetheart."
"But,Mom, I ..." The boy tried to make something clear, but he awkwardlyuttered nothing but some words. "Our talk is over. Good night,Baker!" She gave a soft kiss on his forehead and walked out of the study.
Thefollowing days were the same as before. The only change was that the boy hadnever told a lie since then.
Noscolding. It looks unimaginably queer. In fact, the three chocolates are thealarm in the boy's heart all the time. Sometimes, no punishment itself is akind of punishment.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Frenchmenattach great importance to education. They regard the cultivation of children asa social obligation. French education mixes warm romantic humor into itscareful and severe education. I have ever heard such a story:
It tookplace in an ordinary French family. One day, when the boy was playingbasketball,the ball hit a vase off the shelf with its mouth knocked off a largepiece. The vase was an antique handed down through generations from BourbonDynasty. To cover the great trouble, the boy glued the pieces together and putthe vase back to its place panic-stricken.
Thatevening his mother noticed the change on it. At dinnertime, she asked her boyif he had broken the vase. Being scared of punishment, the boy said by a suddeninspiration that a cat jumped in from the window and knocked the vase off theshelf. His mother was quite clear that her son waslying, for all the windowswere closed before her leaving. However, she just said that it seemed it washer carelessness not to have the window tightly closed.
Beforegoing to bed, the boy found a note on his bed, on which he was asked to go tothe study.The boy had thought he had gotten by under false pretences, but thenfelt he couldn't dodge the misfortune. Now that he had already lied, he made uphis mind no matter what his mother said, he would disavow to the end.
Onseeing her son enter in fear, his mother took out a chocolate box and gave onepiece of the chocolates to her son. "Baker, this chocolate is a reward foryou, for you created a cat with your special imagination." Then, she putanother chocolate in his hand. "This chocolate is a reward for yourability to restore. But the glue you used is for restoring paper materials; torestore a vase needs higher special technique. Tomorrow, let's bring the vaseto the artists to see how they make a
craftworkintact as it was." With that, she took the third chocolate. "The lastchocolate stands for my apology. I shouldn't have laid a vase in a place whereit could so easily fall down. I wish you hadn't been scared, my littlesweetheart."
"But,Mom, I ..." The boy tried to make something clear, but he awkwardlyuttered nothing but some words. "Our talk is over. Good night,Baker!" She gave a soft kiss on his forehead and walked out of the study.
Thefollowing days were the same as before. The only change was that the boy hadnever told a lie since then.
Noscolding. It looks unimaginably queer. In fact, the three chocolates are thealarm in the boy's heart all the time. Sometimes, no punishment itself is akind of punishment.
Whatwould be the best title for the passage?

Frenchmenattach great importance to education. They regard the cultivation of children asa social obligation. French education mixes warm romantic humor into itscareful and severe education. I have ever heard such a story:
It tookplace in an ordinary French family. One day, when the boy was playingbasketball,the ball hit a vase off the shelf with its mouth knocked off a largepiece. The vase was an antique handed down through generations from BourbonDynasty. To cover the great trouble, the boy glued the pieces together and putthe vase back to its place panic-stricken.
Thatevening his mother noticed the change on it. At dinnertime, she asked her boyif he had broken the vase. Being scared of punishment, the boy said by a suddeninspiration that a cat jumped in from the window and knocked the vase off theshelf. His mother was quite clear that her son waslying, for all the windowswere closed before her leaving. However, she just said that it seemed it washer carelessness not to have the window tightly closed.
Beforegoing to bed, the boy found a note on his bed, on which he was asked to go tothe study.The boy had thought he had gotten by under false pretences, but thenfelt he couldn't dodge the misfortune. Now that he had already lied, he made uphis mind no matter what his mother said, he would disavow to the end.
Onseeing her son enter in fear, his mother took out a chocolate box and gave onepiece of the chocolates to her son. "Baker, this chocolate is a reward foryou, for you created a cat with your special imagination." Then, she putanother chocolate in his hand. "This chocolate is a reward for yourability to restore. But the glue you used is for restoring paper materials; torestore a vase needs higher special technique. Tomorrow, let's bring the vaseto the artists to see how they make a
craftworkintact as it was." With that, she took the third chocolate. "The lastchocolate stands for my apology. I shouldn't have laid a vase in a place whereit could so easily fall down. I wish you hadn't been scared, my littlesweetheart."
"But,Mom, I ..." The boy tried to make something clear, but he awkwardlyuttered nothing but some words. "Our talk is over. Good night,Baker!" She gave a soft kiss on his forehead and walked out of the study.
Thefollowing days were the same as before. The only change was that the boy hadnever told a lie since then.
Noscolding. It looks unimaginably queer. In fact, the three chocolates are thealarm in the boy's heart all the time. Sometimes, no punishment itself is akind of punishment.
Whatdoes the author intend to tell us?

Themedical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment inhospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.
As partof a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and intopublic places,some of the country's most talented artists have been called into transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings.Of the 2500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain,almost 100 now havesignificant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatmentrooms.
Theserecent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up hisstudio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s.He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should beenjoyed by a wider audience.
Atypical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week.What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the firstexhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of theManchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospitalartist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of sixyoung art school graduates.
Theeffect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitorexperiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.
Thequality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when apatient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who hada view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers comparedwith patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
According to the passage, "to soften the hard edges of modernbuildings" means_______.

Themedical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment inhospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.
As partof a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and intopublic places,some of the country's most talented artists have been called into transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings.Of the 2500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain,almost 100 now havesignificant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatmentrooms.
Theserecent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up hisstudio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s.He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should beenjoyed by a wider audience.
Atypical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week.What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the firstexhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of theManchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospitalartist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of sixyoung art school graduates.
Theeffect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitorexperiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.
Thequality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when apatient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who hada view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers comparedwith patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
Whatcan we say of Peter Senior?

Themedical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment inhospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.
As partof a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and intopublic places,some of the country's most talented artists have been called into transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings.Of the 2500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain,almost 100 now havesignificant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatmentrooms.
Theserecent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up hisstudio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s.He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should beenjoyed by a wider audience.
Atypical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week.What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the firstexhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of theManchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospitalartist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of sixyoung art school graduates.
Theeffect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitorexperiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.
Thequality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when apatient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who hada view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers comparedwith patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
According to Peter Senior,_______.

Themedical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment inhospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.
As partof a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and intopublic places,some of the country's most talented artists have been called into transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings.Of the 2500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain,almost 100 now havesignificant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatmentrooms.
Theserecent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up hisstudio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s.He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should beenjoyed by a wider audience.
Atypical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week.What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the firstexhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of theManchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospitalartist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of sixyoung art school graduates.
Theeffect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitorexperiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.
Thequality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when apatient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who hada view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers comparedwith patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
After the improvement of the hospital environment,_______.

Themedical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment inhospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.
As partof a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and intopublic places,some of the country's most talented artists have been called into transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings.Of the 2500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain,almost 100 now havesignificant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatmentrooms.
Theserecent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up hisstudio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s.He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should beenjoyed by a wider audience.
Atypical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week.What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the firstexhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of theManchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospitalartist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of sixyoung art school graduates.
Theeffect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitorexperiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.
Thequality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when apatient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who hada view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers comparedwith patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
Thefact that six young art school graduates joined Peter shows that_______.

The girl has awakened the feelings in him thathis thought had been_______long ago.

There are certain historic occasions_______arelikely to remind people of what happened in the past and set people reflectingon them.

The bride and groom gave_______attended theirwedding some gifts to share their happiness.

Jim got well-prepared for the job interview, forhe couldn't risk the good opporttmity_______.

Which of the following pairs of words iscomplementary antonymy?