Today,we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones 2 on batteries,and batteries can die faster than were alize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can't find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area,you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area?
And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of people.
If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights - you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 ,even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods.Head toward these 16 to find a way out.At night scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
第3题答案是_____.
Grade inflation —the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades — is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force — a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty."Ultimately," said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time."
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.For public institutions' state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention —so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers'expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible —or at least appear to be.On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.
What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed."Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states," he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field."
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday,states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers,especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."
It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions______.
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed."Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states," he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field."
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday,states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers,especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."
In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author______.
The U.S.Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many reasons this formerly stable federal institution finds itself at the brink of bankruptcy.Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS's ultimate overseer —Congress — insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved — Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service,the unions and the system's heaviest users — has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shitting postal retirees int Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate —where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform.There's no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency's costs.Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year.But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House.The emerging
consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS.It is not, however, a sign that they're getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21 st century.
The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by______.
A．In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
B．Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
C．The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century —the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
D．Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D.Eisenhower, Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford, and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy,21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E．The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B.Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
F．Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
G．The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
第41题答案是_____.
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding"'yes！" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a3 of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.
In a recent study 5over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being7 to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and there searchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.11among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12
. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help16 difficulty."
Some experts 17 the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it 19 in the brain,where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
第6题选择是_____.
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding"'yes！" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a3 of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.
In a recent study 5over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being7 to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and there searchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.11among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12
. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help16 difficulty."
Some experts 17 the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it 19 in the brain,where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
第8题选择是______.
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding"'yes！" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a3 of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.
In a recent study 5over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being7 to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and there searchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.11among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12
. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help16 difficulty."
Some experts 17 the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it 19 in the brain,where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
第10题选择是_____.
First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.
Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —but the lines are obvious.
Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved.The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.
It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks.
Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.
The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as
disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants.Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy______.
A．The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle,earned him a modest reputation.
B．The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame.There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
C．Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.After the first installment,Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose.Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide.Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.
D．Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
E．Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.At the same time,Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him,especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
F．Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast.His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay office—a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background.Dickens's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.Yet two years before Dickens's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return.The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt.The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
G．After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
第41题答案是____.
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .
For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 .It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.
16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 .The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
第3题答案是______.
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .
For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 .It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.
16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 .The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
第6题答案是______.
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment.In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are oiten viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012————including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program———in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss. With that,"We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.
That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says.Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment."Even if this program didn't reduce poverty", Ferraro says, "the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."
According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to_____.
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals'.That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modem broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."
In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
Shakespeare's life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing thepassing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe,the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical.Court,school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47)no boywho went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form ofliterature which gave glory_to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor toEngland.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London.For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St.Paul's and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage —where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)Anative literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhousesestablished,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers.We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we mustremember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is noauthor of note whose entire work has survived.
第（47）题答案______.
